Chemoselective enrichment for compound isolation

ABSTRACT

Chemoselective isolation of aliphatic hydroxyl group-containing and aromatic hydroxyl group-containing compounds is accomplished via formation of polymeric siloxyl ethers. Chemoselective release of aliphatic hydroxyl group-containing and aromatic hydroxyl group-containing compounds from polymeric siloxyl reagents is described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/571,591, filed Aug. 10, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/521,839, filed Aug. 10, 2011, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/543,972, filed Oct. 6, 2011 under 35 U.S.C. §119(e). The disclosures of each the foregoing are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

GOVERNMENT RIGHTS

This invention was made with government support under GM082983 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention pertains to chemoselective isolation of hydroxyl group containing compounds and/or compounds containing carboxylic acid groups using polymeric reagents.

PART A Background and Summary

The search for molecules possessing the features required to modulate biological processes is a longstanding scientific goal. Natural products have been a continual source of inspiration, yielding many therapeutic agents and targets for (bio)synthetic studies. Natural products and their derivatives account for nearly half of the drugs currently on the market [1a] and have been used extensively as chemical probes. [2a] Despite recent advances, [3a] the isolation of novel natural products remains challenging as the use of traditional isolation methods often results in rediscovery of known compounds and/or the loss of bioactivity. [4a]

Current purification methods, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or size exclusion chromatography, separate molecules by their physiochemical properties including polarity, charge, and size. New technologies are needed that isolate molecules based upon alternative characteristics then those presently used for natural product discovery, which are biased towards abundant molecules. The development of chemoselective isolation strategies to facilitate enrichment of subclasses of biological molecules including metabolites [5a] and alcohol-containing natural products has been described. [6a] For natural products discovery, a controllably reversible reaction is used to immobilize the compounds in a mixture that includes the targeted functional group class onto solid support. Following an extensive wash protocol, the enriched subpool is tracelessly released to enable characterization of the natural products present.

Generation of a chemoselective isolation reagent toolkit is significant because it provides a means for discovery of natural products that are unlikely to be identified by traditional strategies due to low isolation yields, poor compound resolution, and/or the presence of interfering compounds. Furthermore, a functional group targeted method can offer insight into the structural content of compounds prior to characterization efforts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A reversible enrichment tag for the hydroxyl functional group, which was targeted by formation of a silyl ether bond using a chlorodiethylsiloxane polystyrene resin has been described. [6a] The isolated compound pool was readily released from the resin by treatment with a fluoride source. Described herein is a strategy for chemoselective isolation of compounds that include a carboxylic acid functional group. This moiety is present in approximately 15% of natural products and 25% of drugs, [7a] making it an important group to target with the reversible enrichment method described herein. Use of an anion exchange resin to separate a subpool of natural products, including carboxylic acids has been described. [3ba] However, other acidic groups, such as phenols, [7a] were readily isolated using the reported strategy. Additionally, the non-covalent interaction that this method is dependent upon is not strong enough to tolerate extensive washing protocols resulting in substantial carryover between fractions. Clearly, development of a covalent and chemoselective enrichment strategy is warranted.

Herein described is a silicon-functionalized resin architecture (3) that displays significant preference for reaction with carboxylic acid-containing molecules. This resin utilizes a diisopropylsiloxane capture moiety, which forms a siloxyl ester bond with carboxylic acids (4; Scheme 1). [9a] Following capture, the enriched compounds are readily released from resin using a fluoride source. This result is surprising given the well known instability of silyl esters. [10a] Carboxylic acids were enriched using resin 3 with yields of ˜90% (Table S1). This resin also promoted isolation of alcohol-containing compounds (yields 6-18%). Amine- and thiol-containing compounds were not captured to an appreciable extent by this resin (0-3%; Table S1).

TABLE S1 Comparison of the capture abilities of several dialkyl siloxyl chloride resins and a diisopropylsilyl triflate resin. Each value is an average of four replicates.

  3  

  S1

  S4 85% 10%

  S5 98% 22%

  17 18% 52%

  S6 6% 90%

  18 10% 52%

  S7 0% 2%

  19 0% 0%

  20 3% 11%

  S2

  S3

  S4 31% 38%

  S5 25% 96%

  17 58% 63%

  S6 74% 70%

  18 41% 53%

  S7 4% 3%

  19 0% 45%

  20 0% 46%

The chemical characteristics resulting in formation of a stable siloxyl ester species and affording selectivity towards carboxylic acids are described herein. A series of resin derivatives was synthesized and assessed for their ability to capture a standard set of compounds. The steric environment about the silicon atom contributes to ester stability. Resin 3 includes relatively hindered isopropyl groups. Use of several resin variants with altered steric properties are described herein. The dimethyl- and diethyl-substituted resins, S1 and S2, respectively, favored enrichment of alcohol-containing compounds with yields of ˜70% and exhibited lower yields of carboxylic acids (˜20%; Table S1). These data suggest that the nature of the alkyl substituents on the silicon atom is critical to preferential functional group capture.

These results appear to be consistent with what is known about silyl and siloxyl ester stability, i.e. bulkier silyl and siloxy esters are more stable. [10a] Silylating reagents are generally not chemoselective for carboxylic acids often forming more stable bonds with the hydroxyl group. [11a] A bulky reagent, di-tert-butylisobutylsilyl triflate, has been described that selectively protects carboxylic acids over alcohols in some substrates. [12a] This protecting group also readily forms stable conjugates with amines. As described above, the presence of the diisopropyl substituents on the silicon was not enough to afford a selective reagent. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the oxygen linker between the resin and the silicon atom is also important for selectivity as a diisopropylsilyl-functionalized resin facilitated the isolation of alcohols, carboxylic acids, thiols and amines (S3, Table S1 and Ref 6a). As described herein, selective capture of carboxylic acids is accomplished with the diisopropyl siloxyl scaffold.

Efforts to achieve the desired chemoselectivity by preferentially cleaving either the alcohols or acids captured by resin 3 were unsuccessful. It was discovered, as described herein, that modification of the leaving group enables selective capture of the more nucleophilic carboxylate. Accordingly, a series of dialkyldisiloxane resins was generated by alcoholysis of the silyl chloride (5, Scheme 2).

Described herein are the loading capacities and enrichment yields provided by three illustrative resins, methoxy—(6), isopropoxy—(7), and t-butoxy-substituted (8), with an illustrative set of carboxylic acids (Tables 1, S2, and S3). A good combination of loading capacity and breadth of carboxylic acid capture was obtained with the isopropoxy derivative (7). The t-butoxy derivative (8) was effective for capture of less hindered substrates but it was not effective for the efficient enrichment of sterically encumbered compounds. The methoxy derivative (6) showed moderate to low yields. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the low yields obtained with 6 results from its relatively poor leaving group potential. Each of these three derivatives displayed complete carboxylic acid chemoselectivity (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Enrichment yields of model carboxylic acid-, alcohol-, amine- and thiol-containing molecules with dialkyldisiloxane resin derivatives.

  5

  6

  7

  8

  9

  10

  11 25% 95% 75% 95% 95%

  12 73% 94% 53% 81% 47%

  13 45% 13% 82% 72% 80%

  14 52% 75% 67% 95% 90%

  15 35% 42% 22% 84% 63%

  16 55% 50% 49% 85% 69%

  17 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

  18 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

  19 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

  20 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Described herein is the use of resins modified with alkoxyl moieties with electron withdrawing groups (EWG) or electron donating groups (EDG). A variety of alcohols, 22 in all, were tested to see which properties (i.e. sterics, EWG, or EDG) yielded resins with the highest loading capacity with three illustrative carboxylic acids (Table S2). The highest loading values were obtained by activation with secondary alcohols. Efficient isolation of tertiary carboxylic acids was only seen with resins derived from electron poor alcohols showing the influence of the leaving group on capture potential (e.g. 9, 10, S23, S24).

TABLE S2 Synthesized diisopropyl disiloxyl resins and their corresponding loading capacities. Loading capacities of synthesized resins in mmol/g. Each value is an average of four replicates.

  X =

  11

  S4

  S8 Average —Cl 0.72 0.40 0.22 0.45 3 —O—CH₃ 0.10 0.12 0.04 0.09 6

  7 0.31 0.16 0.04 0.17

  8 0.43 0.38 0.18 0.33

  9 0.55 0.32 0.28 0.38

  10 0.45 0.28 0.12 0.28

  S9 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.11

  S10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

  S11 0.70 0.38 0.08 0.39

  S12 0.35 0.20 0.14 0.23

  S13 0.30 0.15 0.12 0.19

  S14 0.50 0.28 0.1 0.29

  S15 0.22 0.10 0.10 0.11

  S16 0.30 0.14 0.11 0.18

  S17 0.011 0.020 0.013 0.015

  S18 0.16 0.010 0.10 0.10

  S19 0.55 0.32 0.1 0.32

  S20 0.31 0.21 0.10 0.20

  S21 0.19 0.22 0.10 0.16

  S22 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030

  S23 0.31 0.25 0.26 0.27

  S24 0.42 0.30 0.21 0.31

  S25 0.13 0.10 0.11 0.11 —OH 0 0 0 0 S26 —H 0 0 0 0 S27

From this resin set, 9 and 10 were selected for further characterization based upon both loading capacity and cost of the reagents. These resins were subjected to coupling with a large model set of carboxylic acids ranging in steric hinderance and molecular complexity (20 compounds; Tables 1 and S3). Amine-, thiol- and alcohol-containing compounds were included to assess chemoselectivity (Table 1). High and consistent enrichment yields of a wide array of carboxylic acids were observed with resin 9, which was activated with a 1,3-dichloro-2-propoxyl group. This resin was also found to be completely chemoselective and was selected for use as a carboxylic acid enrichment tag. Interestingly, activation of either the diethylsiloxyl resin (S40) or the diisopropylsilyl resin (S41) as the alkoxyl derivatives produced reagents that were unable to capture any compounds, again supporting the necessity of the diisopropyl siloxyl structure.

TABLE S3 Enrichment yields for resins 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 with a model set of carboxylic acids. X=

—O—CH₃ 6

 5% 66% 50% 52% 72%

25% 95% 75% 95% 95%

87% 99% 70% 99% 99%

73% 94% 53% 81% 47%

 0%  3%  2% 15%  5%

82% 91% 71% 88%  2%

44% 63% 55% 89% 71%

71% 92% 62% 99% 99%

65% 82% 64% 86% 84%

43% 13% 82% 72% 80%

52% 75% 67% 95% 90%

13% 74% 58% 69% 81%

22% 22%  7% 30%  8%

69% 99% 21% 99% 93%

35% 42% 22% 84% 63%

 2% 76% 70% 87% 84%

 5% 89% 75% 87% 95%

34% 92% 75% 99% 82%

55% 50% 49% 85% 69%

 1%  6%  5%  8%  4%

The utility of this resin for the isolation of carboxylic acid-containing compounds from complex mixtures is described herein. Monensin (13) is a polyether ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. [13a] Monensin is secreted into the growth media of this bacterium, which was collected to yield a crude natural product extract. Prior to enrichment, the extract was modified by the addition of four model carboxylic acids and two alcohols, two amines, and a thiol (17-20, S9) to measure enrichment yields and chemoselectivity of an illustrative resin, resin 9, in a biological setting. The crude extract was analyzed by LC-MS.

The extract was subjected to enrichment with resin 9. The resulting material was analyzed by LC-MS using the same gradient. LC-MS analysis showed that monensin (13) was recovered in a 64% yield along with 3-oxo-1-indanecarboxylic acid (S32), 3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzoic acid (S38), probenecid (16), and abietic acid (15) recovered in a 96%, 87%, 75%, and 57% yield, respectively. None of the amine, alcohol, or thiol model compounds were detected, demonstrating that 9 remains highly selective for carboxylic acid-containing compounds in a biological background.

Two alcohols (17, 18), two amines (19, S9), and a thiol (20) were spiked into the extract. LC-MS analysis before enrichment indicates the presence of the spiked compounds. LC-MS analysis showed that none of alcohols (17, 18), amines (19, S9), or the thiol (20) were detectable following capture and release of the extract.

It is evident from the chromatograms that many of highly abundant compounds were eliminated and that fewer compounds are present after carboxylic acid capture, enabling better resolution of the remaining components. Additionally, some features represent a greater proportion of the carboxylic acid fraction than of the crude extract demonstrating enrichment. The extent of carboxylic acid enrichment was quantified in comparison to compounds containing other functional groups that were spiked into the sample. Carboxylic acids were enriched by an average of ˜300-fold over other functional groups (Table S5).

TABLE S5 Peak Area Prior to Capture Peak Area After Capture 3-oxo-1-indancarboxylic acid 546446 478384 (S32) probenecid (16) 3663340 2799309 3,5-dimethyl-4- 1518457 1308679 methoxybenzoic acid (S38) abietic Acid (15) 2414543 1565820 Fmoc-Amino-Propanol (17) 4455509 4559 3-(dimethylamino)phenol (18) 4043524 21738 trypatmine (S7) 203403 611 H-Lys(Z)-OMe (19) 36329688 453279 Boc-Cys-OMe (20) 100590 2378 Additionally, carboxylic acids subjected to resin 9 were enriched ˜500-fold in comparison to exposure of the extract to unactivated resin (S27; Table S6).

TABLE S6 Peak Area Peak Area Ratio of Following Following Enrichment Exposure to Exposure to (Activated/ Activated Unactivated Unactivated Model Carboxylic Acid Resin (9) Resin (S27) resin) 3-oxo-1-indancarboxylic 478384 1213 394 acid (S32) probenecid (16) 2799309 5463 512 3,5-dimethyl-4- 1308679 3152 415 methoxybenzoic acid (S38) abietic Acid (15) 1565820 2244 698

It was found that enrichment occurs equivalently independent of the proportion of the sample that the targeted compounds comprise. Three carboxylic acids were added to the Streptomyces cinnamonensis extract at varying concentrations. An average recovery yield of ˜80% was observed across ratios of natural product background to targeted acid ranging from 2:1 to 800:1 (8 μmol-15 nmol; Table S7). This shows that the enrichment strategy described herein enables detection of even low abundance species.

TABLE S7

Ratio of natural Percent mmol of product background Recovery natural product mmol of model to model carboxylic of model background acid added acid (mmol) carboxylic acid 0.012 0.0076  2:1 96% 0.012 0.00152  8:1 94% 0.012 0.00076  16:1 94% 0.012 0.000152  80:1 91% 0.012 0.000076 160:1 95% 0.012 0.0000152 800:1 92%

Ratio of natural Percent mmol of product background Recovery natural product mmol of model to model carboxylic of model background acid added acid (mmol) carboxylic acid 0.012 0.0076  2:1 85% 0.012 0.00152  8:1 95% 0.012 0.00076  16:1 85% 0.012 0.000152  80:1 75% 0.012 0.000076 160:1 78% 0.012 0.0000152 800:1 57%

Ratio of natural Percent mmol of product background Recovery natural product mmol of model to model carboxylic of model background acid added acid (mmol) carboxylic acid 0.012 0.0076  2:1 84% 0.012 0.00152  8:1 91% 0.012 0.00076  16:1 83% 0.012 0.000152  80:1 87% 0.012 0.000076 160:1 83% 0.012 0.0000152 800:1 92% The dynamic range of the capture efficiency of resin 9 in a background of a crude natural product mixture is shown above in Table S7. The average molecular weight of the extract material was assumed to be 350 g/mol for the purpose of calculation of “mmol of natural product background.”

The utility of resin 9 for isolation of carboxylic acids following solution phase synthesis is also described herein. The methyl ester of serine was converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid and the crude reaction reacted with 9, washed, and released, resulting in isolation of the product in good yield and high purity. This demonstrates that the resins and methods described herein can be used to purify synthetically-derived carboxylic acids, mostly notably, polar compounds that are difficult to isolate using standard chromatography methods.

Described herein is the synthesis of chemoselective enrichment tags for the isolation of carboxylic acid-containing molecules and its application to the enrichment of carboxylic acids from a variety of mixture types.

Several illustrative embodiments of the invention are described by the following enumerated clauses:

1. A polymeric reagent for use in the selective enrichment of carboxyl group-containing compounds from a mixture:

comprising a polymer having one or more functional groups of formula

-Q-O—Si(R¹)(R²)—OR^(A).

wherein

the functional group is capable of reacting with the carboxyl group-containing compounds when the mixture containing the compounds contacts the reagent;

Q is alkylene or heteroalkylene, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹ is C₁-C₈ alkyl or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl;

R² is C₁-C₈ alkyl or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; and

R^(A) is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, and heteroarylheteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.

2. The polymeric reagent of clause 1, wherein the functional group is attached to a main chain or side chain of the polymer by a linking group.

3. The polymeric reagent of clause 1 or 2 wherein the linking group is a phenylene group.

4. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the linking group is a para-phenylene group.

5. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein R¹ is C₁-C₈ alkyl; and R² is C₁-C₈ alkyl.

5a. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein each of R¹ and R² is isopropyl.

6. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein Q is heteroalkylene.

7. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein Q is CH₂—O—(CH₂)_(n)C(CH₃)₂ wherein n is an integer from about 1 to about 5.

8. The polymeric reagent of clause 7 wherein n is 2.

9. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the polymer is a polyolefin, polyamide, polyurethane, or polycarbonate.

10. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the polymer is a polyolefin.

11. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the polymer is a polystyrene.

12. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the polymeric reagent is a polystyrene of formula

wherein the ratio of b to a is from about 1:99 to about 1:1, and wherein the polystyrene is crosslinked with from 0.5 to 10.0% divinylbenzene.

13. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the functional group is CH₂OCH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂OSiR¹R²OR^(A).

13a. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein R¹ is branched C₁-C₈ alkyl; and R² is branched C₁-C₈ alkyl.

14. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein R¹ and R² are each iso-propyl.

15. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein R^(A) is haloalkyl.

16. The polymeric reagent of any one of the preceding clauses wherein R^(A) is 1,3-dichloro-2-propyl.

17. A process for preparing a second mixture selectively enriched in carboxyl group containing compounds from a first mixture containing the carboxyl group-containing compounds, the method comprising the step of

(a) contacting the first mixture with the polymeric reagent of any one of clauses 1 to 16;

wherein one or more of the functional groups forms a covalent bond with the carboxyl group of one or more of the carboxyl group-containing compounds.

18. The process of clause 17 further comprising the step (b) of washing the polymer resulting from step (a) with a solvent selected from the group consisting of optionally branched C₅-C₁₀ alkanes, optionally-branched C₁-C₅ alcohols, benzene, toluene, xylenes, C₁-C₅ alkyl C₂-C₅ alkanoates, where each of the alkyl or the alkanoate is optionally branched, C₁-C₄ alkylnitriles, DMF, THF, dioxane, DMSO, C₁-C₄ haloalkanes, and combinations thereof.

19. The process of clause 17 or 18 further comprising the step (c) of cleaving the covalent bond between the functional group and the carboxyl group-containing compound.

20. The process of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the first mixture is an extract of plant material, an extract of a fermentation broth, or a mixture resulting from a process to prepare one or more carboxyl group-containing compounds.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched. As used herein, the term “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, and includes at least one double bond or triple bond, respectively. It is to be understood that alkynyl may also include one or more double bonds. It is to be further understood that in certain embodiments, alkyl is advantageously of limited length, including C₁-C₂₄, C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, and C₁-C₄. It is to be further understood that in certain embodiments alkenyl and/or alkynyl may each be advantageously of limited length, including C₂-C₂₄, C₂-C₁₂, C₂-C₈, C₂-C₆, and C₂-C₄. It is appreciated herein that shorter alkyl, alkenyl, and/or alkynyl groups may add less lipophilicity to the compound and accordingly will have different pharmacokinetic behavior. Illustrative alkyl groups are, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl and the like. It is to be understood that an alkyl group may be attached to other portions of a structure containing the alkyl group by one or more covalent bonds.

As used herein, the term “alkylene” includes a bivalent chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, having two attachment points that may be on adjacent or non-adjacent carbons. It is to be further understood that in certain embodiments, alkylene is advantageously of limited length, including C₁-C₂₄, C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, and C₁-C₄. It is appreciated herein that shorter alkylene groups may add less lipophilicity to the compound and accordingly will have different pharmacokinetic behavior.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, where at least a portion of the chain in cyclic. It is to be understood that cycloalkylalkyl is a subset of cycloalkyl. It is to be understood that cycloalkyl may be polycyclic. Illustrative cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 2-methylcyclopropyl, cyclopentyleth-2-yl, adamantyl, and the like. As used herein, the term “cycloalkenyl” includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, and includes at least one double bond, where at least a portion of the chain in cyclic. It is to be understood that the one or more double bonds may be in the cyclic portion of cycloalkenyl and/or the non-cyclic portion of cycloalkenyl. It is to be understood that cycloalkenylalkyl and cycloalkylalkenyl are each subsets of cycloalkenyl. It is to be understood that cycloalkyl may be polycyclic. Illustrative cycloalkenyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexylethen-2-yl, cycloheptenylpropenyl, and the like. It is to be further understood that chain forming cycloalkyl and/or cycloalkenyl is advantageously of limited length, including C₃-C₂₄, C₃-C₁₂, C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, and C₅-C₆. It is appreciated herein that shorter alkyl and/or alkenyl chains forming cycloalkyl and/or cycloalkenyl, respectively, may add less lipophilicity to the compound and accordingly will have different pharmacokinetic behavior.

As used herein, the term “heteroalkyl” includes a chain of atoms that includes both carbon and at least one heteroatom, and is optionally branched. Illustrative heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain variations, illustrative heteroatoms also include phosphorus, and selenium. As used herein, the term “cycloheteroalkyl” including heterocyclyl and heterocycle, includes a chain of atoms that includes both carbon and at least one heteroatom, such as heteroalkyl, and is optionally branched, where at least a portion of the chain is cyclic. Illustrative heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain variations, illustrative heteroatoms also include phosphorus, and selenium. Illustrative cycloheteroalkyl include, but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuryl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, quinuclidinyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “heteroalkylene” includes a chain of atoms that includes both carbon and at least one heteroatom, and is optionally branched, having two attachment points that may be on adjacent or non-adjacent atoms. Illustrative heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain variations, illustrative heteroatoms also include phosphorus, and selenium.

As used herein, the term “aryl” includes monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic carbocyclic groups, each of which may be optionally substituted. Illustrative aromatic carbocyclic groups described herein include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, and the like. As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” includes aromatic heterocyclic groups, each of which may be optionally substituted. Illustrative aromatic heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, and the like.

The term “optionally substituted” as used herein includes the replacement of hydrogen atoms with other functional groups on the radical that is optionally substituted. Such other functional groups illustratively include, but are not limited to, amino, hydroxyl, halo, thiol, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, nitro, sulfonic acids and derivatives thereof, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, and the like. Illustratively, any of amino, hydroxyl, thiol, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, and/or sulfonic acid is optionally substituted.

As used herein, the terms “optionally substituted aryl” and “optionally substituted heteroaryl” include the replacement of hydrogen atoms with other functional groups on the aryl or heteroaryl that is optionally substituted. Such other functional groups illustratively include, but are not limited to, amino, hydroxy, halo, thio, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, nitro, sulfonic acids and derivatives thereof, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, and the like. Illustratively, any of amino, hydroxy, thio, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, and/or sulfonic acid is optionally substituted.

Illustrative substituents include, but are not limited to, a radical —(CH2)_(x)ZX, where x is an integer from 0-6 and ZX is selected from halogen, hydroxy, alkanoyloxy, including C₁-C₆ alkanoyloxy, optionally substituted aroyloxy, alkyl, including C₁-C₆ alkyl, alkoxy, including C₁-C₆ alkoxy, cycloalkyl, including C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, including C₃-C₈ cycloalkoxy, alkenyl, including C₂-C₆ alkenyl, alkynyl, including C₂-C₆ alkynyl, haloalkyl, including C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, including C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, halocycloalkyl, including C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl, halocycloalkoxy, including C₃-C₈ halocycloalkoxy, amino, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)amino, alkylcarbonylamino, N—(C₁-C₆ alkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, aminoalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkylaminoalkyl, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)aminoalkyl, alkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, N—(C₁-C₆ alkyl)alkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, cyano, and nitro; or ZX is selected from —CO₂R⁴ and —CONR⁵R⁶, where R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are each independently selected in each occurrence from hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl-C₁-C₆ alkyl, and heteroaryl-C₁-C₆ alkyl.

Methods Resin Synthesis

To a 50 mL oven-dried round bottom flask was added 25 mL of anhydrous THF and 2.0 g (2.1 mL, 19 mmol, 3.0 eq) of 3-methyl-1,3-butanediol. This solution was placed under Ar and cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. Next, a 1 M solution of potassium t-butoxide (2.2 g, 19 mmol, 3.0 eq) in THF (20 mL) was added followed by 5.2 g (19 mmol, 3.0 eq) of 18-crown-6. This mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. and then 3 h at room temperature. During the warm-up to room temperature, the solution turned from clear to light yellow. This yellow solution was then transferred via syringe to a 250 mL amber bottle with a rubber septum where 5.0 g of Merrifield resin (1.6 mmol/g) and 20 mL of THF had been placed and allowed to swell under Ar for 2 h. This resin suspension was capped and allowed to shake for 72 h at room temperature. The golden resin was then transferred to a peptide synthesis vessel with THF. The resin was subjected to the following wash protocol: THF (2×20 mL), DMF (3×10 mL), 1:1 DMF:H₂O (3×100 mL), DMF (3×100 mL), THF (3×100 mL), and CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The vessel was placed in a desiccator under vacuum for 12 h to dry the resin.

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with 200 mg (0.26 mmol) of 2 (loading capacity 1.6 mmol/g) and equipped with a rubber septum. After flushing the resin with Ar for 10 minutes, the vial was charged with 3 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ and the resin was allowed to swell for 5 min. To the swollen resin was added 263 μL (1.8 mmol, 7.0 eq) of freshly distilled Et₃N, 160 μL (1.3 mmol, 5.0 eq) of dichlorodiisopropyl silane and 318 mg (2.9 mmol, 10.0 eq) of DMAP. The vial was then capped and the reaction was agitated for 16 h at room temperature. The resin was filtered over a 10 mL fritted polypropylene column and washed with 2×4 mL anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ and used immediately to avoid undesired hydrolysis.

Alcoholysis Procedure

Before rinsing 3 with anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ to remove excess Et₃N and DMAP, 500 μL or 500 mg of an alcohol was added and the vial re-capped. This promoted the hydrolysis of the Si—Cl bond to the corresponding siloxyl ether. After agitation for 15 min at room temperature, the resin was rinsed with 2×5 mL anhydrous CH₂Cl₂. The resin was then re-swollen in 2.5 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and measured into 5 different vials (4 reaction and 1 discard vial).

Coupling Procedure

To 5 (40 mg 0.015 mmol) was added 50 μL of freshly distilled Et₃N (0.35 mmol, 20 eq) followed by 100 μL of a mixture of model carboxylic acids in a DMSO/THF solution. The solution contained four carboxylic acids, 0.1 equivalent of each, and 400 μL of anhydrous THF and 100 μL of DMSO. The coupling reactions were gently agitated at room temperature overnight. The resin was transferred to a 2 mL fritted polypropylene column and subjected to the standard wash protocol.

Cleavage of Model Carboxylic Acids from Resin

Coupled resin was transferred to polypropylene vials (2 mL). To the resin was added 100 μL of a freshly prepared solution of 500/50/50 μL (v/v) of THF/HF.pyridine (70/30 wt %)/pyridine (2 mmol of HF, 45 eq) and the reaction was gently agitated at room temperature for 3 h. To this was added 500 μL of TMSOMe (3.6 mmol, 82 eq) to quench excess HF and the resin was agitated for an additional 30 minutes at room temperature. The resin was washed with THF and CH₂Cl₂ and filtered over a 1 mL fritted polypropylene column into a 5 mL vial. This solution was then concentrated and the sample was analyzed by dissolving the sample in 2 mL of 2:1:1 H₂O/THF/MeOH and injecting 1 μL onto a LC-MS-TOF and comparing peak area to the corresponding standard curve data.

Standard Resin Wash Protocol.

Coupled resin (40 mg) is transferred to a fritted vessel and rinsed as follows: CH₂Cl₂ (suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), THF (suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), DMSO/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), THF (suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), DMSO/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), CH₂Cl₂ (suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), toluene (3×2 mL), DMF (3×2 mL), CH₂Cl₂ (3×2 mL), hexanes (3×2 mL), CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (3×2 mL), CH₂Cl₂ (3×2 mL). The resin is then allowed to dry in a vacuum desiccator for at least 1 h before HF cleavage. Determination of Resin Loading Capacity.

For each of the resins, 200 mg (1.3 mmol/g, 0.26 mmol) was placed in a dry 20 mL scintillation vial. The resin was swollen with 3 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ under Ar. Next, 300 μL (8.0 equiv, 2.1 mmol) of freshly distilled Et₃N was added, followed by 250 μL (6.0 equiv, 1.7 mmol) of dichlorodiisopropyl silane. 318 mg of DMAP (10.0 equiv, 2.6 mmol) was added and the vial was capped and allowed to agitate at room temperature for 16 h. For resins 6-10 and S9-S26, after overnight reaction with the silane, 500 mg or 500 μL of the corresponding alcohol was added, the vial was re-capped, and allowed to agitate for 15 additional min at room temperature. The resin was transferred to a 10 mL biospin vial and rinsed under Ar with anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (2×2 mL). Next, 2.5 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ was added to the resin and allowed to swell for 1 min. The resin was aliquoted into five 2 mL vials (40 mg of resin into each). Four aliquots acted as replicate reactions and the fifth was discarded. A control resin was synthesized utilizing chlorodiispropylsilane (S27) (same equiv as previously mentioned), which had no appropriate leaving group. To each of the vials was added 50 μL (0.7 mmol) of freshly distilled Et₃N and 3.0 equiv (as compared to the assumed loading capacity of the resin; 0.16 mmol for each resin aliquot) of a model acid dissolved in 500 μL of anhydrous THF. The reactions were agitated overnight at room temperature. Resin was transferred to a 2 mL biospin vessel and subjected to the standard wash protocol. The resins were dried for 1 h at room temperature in a vacuum desiccator at 30 mmHg. Coupled resin was then transferred to polypropylene vials (2 mL). To the resin was added 500/50/50 μL (v/v) of a freshly prepared solution of THF/HF.pyridine (70/30 wt %)/pyridine (1.6 mmol of HF) and the reaction was gently agitated at room temperature for 3 h. To this was added 500 μL of TMSOMe (3.6 mmol) to quench excess HF and the resin was agitated for an additional 30 min at room temperature. The resin was washed with THF (3×1 mL) followed by CH₂Cl₂ (3×1 mL) and filtered over a 1 mL fritted polypropylene column into a 5 mL vial. The rinse was concentrated under reduced pressure with no additional heating and the sample was redissolved in 5 mL of 2:1:1 H₂O/THF/MeOH. Analysis was performed by injection of 1 μL of this solution onto a LC-MS-TOF and comparing the observed peak area to that of standard curve data. The average of the four replicates was used as the loading capacity for all subsequent coupling experiments. The loading capacity for all 25 synthesized resins is shown in Table S2.

Demonstration of Resin Regeneration.

Each resin was coupled as in the Loading Capacity Experiment section, with the exception that the resins had previously been coupled to acids and subjected to cleavage conditions resulting in regeneration of 2. Averaging of four replicates gave the loading capacities as shown below in Table S4.

TABLE S4              

   

         

 

                        Average Initial 0.72 0.40 0.22 0.45 Recycled 0.70 0.38 0.24 0.44              

   

         

 

                        Average Initial 0.43 0.38 0.18 0.33 Recycled 0.46 0.31 0.22 0.33            

   

         

 

                        Average Initial 0.55 0.32 0.28 0.38 Recycled 0.49 0.27 0.27 0.34 Demonstration of the regenerative properties of the developed capture resins. This resin can be re-used for multiple cycles without a substantial decrease in loading capacity.

Ratios of enrichment of carboxylic acids compared to those molecules with no carboxylic acid moiety are shown in Table S5. To illustrate that the carboxylic acid-containing compounds are enriched in comparison to the molecules containing other functional groups, the ratio of enrichment was calculated. The ratio of each carboxylic acid to the chemoselective set of compounds was calculated and normalized. Normalization is required given that although an equivalent number of moles of each compound were used, the ionization efficiency of each compound is unique, making the observed peak areas dramatically different. Accordingly, the initial ratios were normalized to a 1:1 ratio and this factor was applied to the post-capture data. In all cases, following the capture and release protocol at least a 63-fold enrichment of the carboxylic acids was seen in comparison to the non-carboxylic acid compounds. These data were obtained from the Streptomyces cinnamonensis extract enrichment experiment.

TABLE S5 Peak Area Prior to Capture Peak Area After Capture 3-oxo-1-indancarboxylic acid 546446 478384 (S32) probenecid (16) 3663340 2799309 3,5-dimethyl-4- 1518457 1308679 methoxybenzoic acid (S38) abietic Acid (15) 2414543 1565820 Fmoc-Amino-Propanol (17) 4455509 4559 3-(dimethylamino)phenol (18) 4043524 21738 trypatmine (S7) 203403 611 H-Lys(Z)-OMe (19) 36329688 453279 Boc-Cys-OMe (20) 100590 2378

Peak Ratio Normal- Normalized Before ization Peak Ratio Ratio After Compounds Capture Factor After Capture Capture S32:17 0.12 8.15 104.93 855.57 S32:18 0.14 7.40 22.01 162.84 S32:S7 2.69 0.37 782.95 291.44 S32:19 0.02 66.48 1.06 70.17 S32:20 0.55 1.83 201.17 368.36 S38:17 0.34 2.93 287.05 842.28 S38:18 0.38 2.66 60.20 160.31 S38:S7 7.47 0.13 2141.86 286.91 S38:19 0.04 23.93 2.89 69.08 S38:20 1.52 0.66 550.33 362.64 16:17 0.82 1.22 614.02 746.79 16:18 0.91 1.10 128.77 142.14 16:S7 18.01 0.06 4581.52 254.38 16:19 0.10 9.92 6.18 61.24 16:20 3.66 0.27 1177.17 321.53 15:17 0.54 1.85 343.46 633.77 15:18 0.60 1.67 72.03 120.63 15:S7 11.87 0.08 2562.72 215.89 15:19 0.07 15.05 3.45 51.98 15:20 2.41 0.41 658.46 272.87 Compounds Average of Enrichment Ratio Carboxylic Acid to Primary Alcohol 770 Carboxylic Acid to Phenol 147 Carboxylic Acid to Primary Amine 262 Carboxylic Acid to Secondary Amine 63 Carboxylic Acid to Thiol 331

Ratios of enrichment of carboxylic acids subjected to activated resin versus unactivated resin are shown above in Table S6. The Streptomyces cinnamonensis extract (containing the full chemoselective set and four additional acids) was subjected separately to activated resin (9) and an unactivated control (S27). The peak areas obtained following performance of the release protocol from both resin samples are shown above. These results illustrate that the observed enrichment of the acids is a result of selective capture by the activated disiloxane moiety and not due to non-specific binding to the resin.

The dynamic range of the capture efficiency of resin 9 in a background of a crude natural product mixture is shown above in Table S7. The average molecular weight of the extract material was assumed to be 350 g/mol for the purpose of calculation of “mmol of natural product background.”

TABLE S8 Recovery Yield Recovery Yield from Extraction from Extraction of Basic of Acidic Recovery Yield Molecule Fraction Fraction Utilizing Resin 9

 0% 40% 95%

 0% 83% 81%

34%  0% 72% Compounds Containing Functional Groups Not Enriched With Resin 9

61%  0% ND*

 0% 64% ND*

49%  0%  0%

20%  0% ND*

69%  0%  0%

23%  0%  0%

20%  0% ND* *ND = these molecules do not contain a carboxylic acid moiety and would not be captured and released by 9. It is believed that these yields would be negligible.

A comparison of the recovery yields obtained from performing a standard acid/base organic extraction to yields achieved utilizing resin 9 is shown above in Table S8. Broth obtained from growth of Streptomyces cinnamonensis was spiked with model compounds. It was made basic (pH 10.5) and extracted and then acidified (pH 2.5) and extracted again. As expected, carboxylic acids 11 and 12 were found in the material extracted following acidification of the aqueous broth. Although monensin (13) contains a carboxylic acid, it was present in the organic layer obtained following extraction of the basified broth. This is likely due to its relatively hydrophobic character and highlights the utility of a strategy to enrich all compounds containing this functional group regardless of their solubility properties. Application of 9 to the isolation of carboxylic acid-containing compounds resulted in similar or better yields than those obtained by organic extraction (11-13). Compounds that would not be enriched with resin 9 were also examined. Amines (19, S7, S45) and alcohols (17, S44) were found in the extraction from the basic fraction as expected. Phenol-containing compounds (S42, S43) were present in the organic layer following extraction of both the basic and the subsequently acidified broth, suggesting that these compounds were parsed based upon both acidity and hydrophobicity.

Preparation of Streptomyces cinnamonensis Extract.

Streptomyces cinnamonensis was purchased from ATCC as a freeze-dried pellet. Cell cultures were started utilizing 5 mL of ISP Medium 1. After 3 days of incubation at 28° C. at 175 rpm, these 5 mL cultures were transferred to 100 mL of ISP Medium 1 and again incubated for 3 days under the previous conditions. Finally, the 100 mL cultures were transferred to 4 L flasks that contained 1 L of ISP Medium 1. These cultures were incubated for 7 days. After this time, the culture was transferred to Nalgene centrifuge vessels and spun at 7000 rpm for 35 min. The broth was decanted from the cell pellet into a 2 L flask. To the broth was then added 10 g of XAD-16 resin. The flask was then shaken at 175 rpm overnight. The resin was transferred to a 500 mL peptide synthesis vessel and rinsed with 100 mL of H₂O X 2. The resin was then subjected to the following wash protocol to elute off all compounds from the resin: MeOH 100 mL, ACN 100 mL, EtOAc 100 mL, Acetone 100 mL, EtOAc 100 mL, ACN 100 mL, MeOH 100 mL. The washes were combined and concentrated to yield 297 mg of crude material. From the extract, it was determined via LC-MS-TOF analysis that the sample contained 46 nmol of Monensin per 1 mg of crude material.

Enrichment of Endogenously Produced Monensin (13).

Bacterial extract material (12 mg) was dissolved in 600 μL of anhydrous THF and 500 μL of anhydrous DMSO. The chemoselective compound mixture (1.9 mL solution containing 46 nmol each of Boc-Cys-OMe, tryptamine, H-Lys(Z)-OMe, Fmoc-aminopropanol, 3-(dimethylamino)phenol, 3-oxo-1-indancarboxylic acid, probenecid, 3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzoic acid, and abietic acid in 90% THF/10% DMSO) was added, which brought the total volume of the solution to 3 mL. Six 2 mL vials were charged with 40 mg (“3 equivalents”; see below) of 9, which was synthesized as previously described. The resin was then swollen in 500 μL of DCM and 300 μL of Et₃N was added, followed by 500 μL of the above extract/chemoselective solution. This amount of resin was chosen by estimation of the theoretical number of moles of material in the bacterial extract based on the assumption that the average compound molecular weight was 350 Da. The vials were capped and agitated overnight at room temperature. The resin was transferred to 2 mL biospin vessels and subjected to the wash protocol described previously. The resin vessels were dried for 1 h in a vacuum desiccator at 30 mmHg. The dried resin was transferred to 2 mL polypropylene vials and swollen with 500 μL of anhydrous THF. To each vial was added 100 μL of a 50/50 mixture (v/v) of HF/pyridine (70/30 wt %)/pyridine. The vials were capped and agitated for 3 h at room temperature. After this time, 500 μL of TMSOMe was added to quench excess HF and the resin was agitated for an additional 30 min at room temperature. The resin was washed with THF (3×2 mL), DCM (3×2 mL), and filtered over a 2 mL fritted polypropylene column into a 5 mL vial. This solution was then concentrated under reduced pressure with no heating and the sample was dissolved in 200 μL of 2:1:1 H₂O/THF/MeOH. Analysis was performed by injection of 5 μL of this solution onto a LC-MS-TOF and comparing the observed peak area to that of standard curve data. LC-MS analysis showed that monensin (13) was recovered in a 64% yield along with 3-oxo-1-indanecarboxylic acid (S32), 3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzoic acid (S38), probenecid (16), and abietic acid (15) recovered in a 96%, 87%, 75%, and 57% yield, respectively. None of the amine, alcohol, or thiol model compounds were detected, demonstrating that 9 remains highly selective for carboxylic acid-containing compounds in a biological background.

Organic Extraction of Model Compounds from a Crude Broth Background

15 mg of a crude extract of the concentrated broth from Streptomyces cinnamonensis was dissolved in 50 mL of a 3% NH₄OH solution (pH=10.5). To this was spiked in 0.5 mg of 11, 12, 13, S42, S43, 17, S44, 19, S7, and S45. This basic aqueous layer was extracted three times with 50 mL of ethyl acetate. These organic layers were then combined and concentrated. The basic organic layer was then acidified using concentrated HCl (approximately 2 mL) to yield an aqueous phase with a pH of 2.5. This acidic aqueous layer was extracted three times with 50 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined and concentrated. Recovery yields were calculated for all model compounds after dissolving the resulting pools in 3 mL of 50/25/25 H₂O/THF/MeOH, injecting 1 μL of this solution onto an LC-MS-TOF, and comparing the corresponding ion peak areas to those obtained from a standard curve. These yields are shown in Table S8. Extraction protocol adapted from Natural Products Isolation. Ed. Sarker, S. D.; Latif, Z.; Gray, A. I. Humana Press Inc., Totowa, N.J., 2006.

Protocol for Acquisition, Analysis, and Calculation of Enrichment Yields Using LC-MS-TOF Spectral Data.

For each model compound, a standard curve was generated from solutions with known concentrations. All compounds were dissolved in 2:1:1 H₂O:MeOH:THF to yield the concentrations required to provide 1000 pmol, 700 pmol, 560 pmol, 420 pmol, 280 pmol, 140 pmol, and 1 pmol in separate 1 μL injections into the LC-MS-TOF. For all compounds, the optimal fragmentation voltage for the desired ion was determined by assessment of the 700 pmol injection at 50V, 100V, 125V, 150V, 175V, 200V, 225V, and 250V. The fragmentation voltage yielding the highest ion intensity was selected. Following this analysis, all samples were run at each optimal voltage determined for each compound included in the sample. Standard curves were generated for all model compounds by running two independent sets of samples. Unknown samples were quantified by comparison to the generated standard curves. All reactions were run in quartet. The average number of pmoles obtained from the capture and release of each model compound was compared to the initial pmoles added to the reaction giving an enrichment yield as a percentage (i.e., moles obtained following capture and release divided by moles initially added to the experiment).

Saponification Reaction

To a 25 mL roundbottom flask was added 20 mg of Ac-Ser-OMe (1.0 equiv, 0.12 mmol) dissolved in 5 mL of MeOH and 1 mL of H₂O, Next, 30 mg of LiOH (0.24 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added to the flask and stirred for 30 min. The crude reaction mixture was concentrated to yield a mixture of Ac-Ser-OMe (starting material), Ac-Ser-OH (product), excess LiOH, and other reaction by-products. TIC of the crude saponification reaction mixture showed that both starting material (t_(R)=0.35 min) and product (t_(R)=0.56 min) are present. The TIC of the carboxylic acid-enriched sample showed only the presence of the product. This crude mixture was dissolved in 4 mL of THF and 1 mL of DMSO and subjected to coupling conditions with 500 mg of 9 as described. After agitating the resin overnight, it was subjected to the standard wash protocol, dried for 1 h in a vacuum dessicator at 30 mmHg, and subjected to the cleavage conditions using HF/pyridine/pyridine as described previously. After quneching the excess HF with TMSOMe, the resin was washed twice with 2 mL of THF and once with 2 mL of CH₂Cl₂. This solution was concentrated to yield only the corresponding product of this saponification reaction (15 mg, 83% purified yield) as determined by LC-MS-TOF analysis.

¹H NMR comparison of monensin standard before and after treatment with HF/pyridine cleavage conditions (pH-3.5) showed that the HF/pyridine cleavage conditions did not lead to a detectable amount of epimerization of the spiroketal moiety. The spiroketal portion of monensin has been reported to be acid sensitive resulting in epimerization. Epimerization results in dramatic changes in both chemical shift values and coupling patterns of the observed protons in this region (3.80 to 4.10 ppm), which are not observed, indicating that no epimerization has occurred.

Resin Characterization Data.

2: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3466, 3059, 2849, 1384, 1149, 1087 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 73.1, 70.4, 67.4, 41.4, 40.3, 29.3

3: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2920, 1057, 883, 611 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.4, 73.3, 67.5, 44.5, 41.0, 30.4, 17.6, 16.8

6: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3060, 2973, 2930, 1012, 882 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 73.6, 67.9, 51.3, 44.8, 41.0, 30.7, 18.2, 18.1, 13.8

7: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3059, 2922, 1028, 880 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.4, 73.5, 67.6, 65.3, 44.5, 41.0, 30.7, 30.4, 26.4, 18.3, 18.2 14.3

8: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3082, 2935, 1046, 906 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.3, 73.4, 67.6, 44.5, 41.0, 30.4, 17.6, 16.8

9: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3058, 2855, 1153, 882, 695 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.3, 73.8, 71.9, 67.6, 46.1, 44.5, 41.0, 30.9, 30.4, 18.0, 17.9, 17.6, 16.8, 14.3

10: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2926, 1264, 1223, 1068, 818 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 121.3, 76.4, 75.3, 73.8, 67.5, 44.5, 41.0, 30.9, 30.4, 18.0, 17.9, 17.7, 16.8, 14.3

S9: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3061, 2924, 1088, 885 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 73.6, 67.8, 58.9, 44.8, 41.0, 30.7, 19.0, 18.3, 18.2, 14.0

S10: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3026, 2925, 1025, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 142.0, 128.7, 127.4, 126.5, 73.8, 67.8, 65.1, 44.8, 41.0, 30.8, 18.3, 18.2, 14.0

S11: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3024, 2929, 1099, 884; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.4, 73.3, 67.4, 56.4, 44.5, 41.0, 30.4, 23.4, 17.6, 16.8

S12: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2926, 1748, 1061 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 146.8, 140.5, 129.1, 128.0, 126.0, 120.3, 76.3, 75.9, 74.4, 67.6, 44.5, 41.0, 30.9, 18.4, 17.9, 17.6, 16.8, 14.9, 14.3

S13: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3059, 2965, 1601, 1053, 882 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.3, 74.7, 73.5, 67.6, 44.5, 41.0, 36.5, 30.7, 23.8, 18.2, 17.6, 16.8, 14.2

S14: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2870, 1492, 1450, 1045, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.4, 73.5, 68.9, 44.8, 42.7, 41.0, 30.4, 23.8, 19.1, 18.3, 17.6, 16.8, 14.5

S15: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3081, 2942, 1720, 1045, 884 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.4, 75.0, 72.9, 67.3, 44.4, 41.0, 36.6, 32.2, 31.9, 30.9, 30.4, 26.0, 25.4, 25.1, 17.9, 17.6, 16.8, 14.3

S16: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3023, 2922, 2362, 2335, 1029, 882 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 155.9, 129.9, 121.7, 120.3, 74.7, 73.3, 67.7, 44.6, 41.1, 30.6, 18.1, 18.0, 17.6, 16.8, 14.5

S17: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3058, 3025, 2930, 1160, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 73.7, 67.9, 62.0, 46.4, 44.8, 41.0, 30.7, 18.2, 17.8, 13.9

S18: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3024, 2919, 1364, 1330, 1070, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 153.8, 137.3, 103.2, 73.8, 67.8, 64.9, 60.9, 56.4, 44.8, 41.0, 30.8, 18.1, 14.0

S19: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2921, 1244, 1055, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.6, 76.4, 73.3, 67.4, 59.2, 44.5, 41.0, 30.4, 21.9, 18.2, 17.6, 16.8, 9.4

S20: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3059, 3025, 2930, 1058, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 154.6, 149.6, 120.7, 114.9, 76.4, 74.6, 67.5, 56.0, 44.5, 41.0, 30.4, 18.0, 17.6, 16.8, 14.5

S21: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3026, 2920, 2865, 1245, 1030, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 74.0, 67.8, 64.0, 60.9, 45.7, 44.8, 41.0, 30.7, 18.0, 14.3, 13.9

S22: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2926, 1082, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 140.7, 132.8, 128.8, 127.9, 73.9, 67.6, 64.4, 44.8, 41.1, 30.8, 18.2, 18.1, 14.0

S23: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2920, 1057, 883, 753 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.4, 73.9, 73.3, 68.8, 58.2, 44.4, 41.1, 30.7, 30.4, 21.9, 21.8, 18.1, 17.6, 18.8, 14.3, 13.9

S24: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2921, 1600, 1162, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.4, 73.3, 67.7, 44.5, 41.0, 30.9, 30.4, 17.9, 17.6, 16.8, 15.0, 14.3

S25: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3024, 2922, 1259, 1035, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 154.7, 129.8, 126.4, 121.6, 74.9, 73.4, 67.7, 44.7, 41.1, 30.6, 18.0, 17.9, 17.6, 16.8, 14.5

S26: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3459, 3025, 2938, 1169, 1035, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 73.6, 67.5, 47.2, 43.3, 40.9, 40.4, 30.8, 17.9, 14.3, 8.9

S27: FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3060, 2920, 2175, 1033, 884 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 72.6, 66.9, 43.8, 40.4, 29.6, 17.7, 17.5, 13.0

Dimethyl-Cl (S1) FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3060, 2923, 1086, 698 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 76.1, 70.5, 66.7, 43.5, 40.3, 29.3, 4.7.

Diethyl-Cl (S2) FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3060, 2911, 1042, 887, 591 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 75.9, 72.7, 66.8, 43.7, 40.5, 29.8, 10.3, 6.5.

Diethyl-OMe (S40) FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3060, 2920, 2870, 1067, 883 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 73.5, 67.6, 50.3, 44.4, 40.8, 30.4, 7.0, 6.0.

Diisopropylsilyl-OCH(CH₂Cl)₂ (S41) FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3082, 2916, 1025, 881, 820 cm⁻¹; gel phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 72.5, 46.4, 41.1, 26.1, 18.0, 13.6, 13.4.

While certain embodiments of the present invention have been described and/or exemplified herein, it is contemplated that considerable variation and modification thereof are possible. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described and/or exemplified herein.

PART A REFERENCES

-   1a. Newman, D. J.; Cragg, G. M. J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 461. -   2a. (a) Carlson, E. E. ACS Chem. Biol 2010, 5, 639. (b) Bottcher,     T.; Pitscheider, M.; Sieber, S. A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49,     2680. -   3a. (a) Månsson, M.; Phipps, R. K.; Gram, L.; Munro, M. H.;     Larsen, T. O.; Nielsen, K. F. J. Nat. Prod. 2010, 73, 1126. (b)     Araya, J. J.; Montenegro, G.; Mitscher, L. A.; Timmermann, B. N. J.     Nat. Prod. 2010, 73, 1568. -   4a. Watve, M. G.; Tickoo, R.; Jog, M. M.; Bhole, B. D. Arch.     Microbiol. 2001, 176, 386. -   5a. (a) Carlson, E. E.; Cravatt, B. F. Nat. Methods 2007,     4, 429. (b) Carlson, E. E.; Cravatt, B. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007,     129, 15780. -   6a. Odendaal, A. Y.; Trader, D. J.; Carlson, E. E. Chem. Sci. 2011,     2, 760. -   7a. Henkel, T.; Brunne, R. M.; Miller, H.; Reichel, F. Angew. Chem.     Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 643. -   8a. Hermanson, G. T. Bioconjugate Techniques; 2nd ed.; Elsevier     Inc.: Rockford, Ill., 2008. -   9a. Meloni, M. M.; White, P. D.; Armour, D.; Brown, R. C. D.     Tetrahedron 2007, 63, 299. -   10a. (a) Weinberg, J. M.; Gitto, S. P.; Wooley, K. L. Macromolecules     1998, 31, 15. (b) Wang, M.; Weinberg, J. M.; Wooley, K. L.     Macromolecules 1998, 31, 7606. (c) Kocienski, P. J. Protecting     Groups; Third ed.; Thieme: Stuttgart, 2005. -   11a. Ojima, Y.; Yamaguchi, K.; Mizuno, N. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2009,     351, 1405. -   12a. Liang, H.; Hu, L.; Corey, E. J. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 4120 -   13a. Huczynski, A.; Stefanska, J.; Przybylski, P.; Brzezinski, B.;     Bartl, F. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008, 18, 2585. -   14a. (a) Mbah, G. C.; Speier, J. L. J. Organomet. Chem. 1984,     271, 77. (b) Chauhan, M.; Chauhan, B. P. S.; Boudjouk, P. Org. Lett.     2000, 2, 1027. (c) Huang, X.; Craita, C.; Awad, L.; Vogel, P. Chem.     Commun. 2005, 1297.

PART B Background and Summary

Natural products account for a significant proportion of modern day therapeutic agents. However, the discovery of novel compounds is hindered by the isolation process, which often relies upon extraction and chromatographic separation techniques. These methods, which are dependent upon the physicochemical properties of the compounds, have a limited ability to both purify and concentrate the minor components of a biological extract. Described herein is an isolation strategy based upon an orthogonal chemical feature, namely, functional group composition. Development of a functional group-targeted method is expected to achieve exceptional resolution given the large number of distinct moieties present in natural product extracts. The generation of controllably reversible covalent enrichment tags for the chemoselective isolation of alcohol-containing natural products from complex mixtures is described herein.

Natural products have long been recognized as privileged scaffolds due to their high propensity to interact with biological targets. [1] Thus, it is not surprising that naturally produced compounds and their derivatives are an essential component of today's pharmaceutical arsenal, with nearly half of the currently available drugs being of biological origin. [2] Natural products have also played myriad roles as chemical probes. [3, 4] The continued investigation of the small molecule repertoire of organisms such as plants and microbes is bound to prove fruitful for the discovery of new classes of bioactive compounds. Efforts to identify new leads, however, are often frustrated by the cumbersome and inefficient process of compound isolation.

Generally, natural products are identified by extraction of biological material (e.g., plant material, microbe pellet) and the crude extract is assayed for a desired activity. [5-7] Active extracts are then further purified, either by extraction and/or chromatographic methods. Although considerable advances have been made in separation technology yielding strategies that minimize solvent consumption and show increased resolving power, [8-10] purification of the active components of a crude extract, which often represent less than 1% by weight, is still considered a major bottleneck in natural products discovery. [6] Thus, the need to develop new isolation technologies is clear.

Current strategies facilitate enrichment based on a limited set of separation mechanisms that are dependent upon molecular properties such as solubility, charge state, or size. An alternative and complementary approach is to target functional group composition. In the early 1980s, Fréchet and coworkers demonstrated the capture of α,β-unsaturated lactone-containing allergens from natural oils with polymer-supported reagents. [11, 12] This approach, which targeted a very specific functionality, has not been significantly utilized because a practical natural products discovery toolkit requires the development of strategies to address more prevalent functional groups such as amines, carboxylic acids and alcohols using highly selective and readily reversible reaction conditions.

Development of a functional group-targeted method for selective enrichment and profiling of metabolites for metabolomic studies was recently described. [13, 14; the disclosure of the foregoing is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. In addition, the entirety of the disclosure of each of the publications cited herein is also incorporated herein by reference.] The devised methods facilitate exploration of the amine, thiol, carboxylic acid and ketone/aldehyde complements of a cell. In the described metabolomic studies, a permanent tagging strategy was utilized in which the metabolites were covalently altered with a tag that subsequently aids in their detection by mass spectrometry. It is believed that a permanent tag would be detrimental to natural products discovery efforts because of its unpredictable effect on biological activity. A tagging strategy that employs reactions that are controllably reversible to enable covalent capture of small molecules, facilitating their chemoselective enrichment, followed by release of the unaltered chemical structures is described herein. With this approach, targeted compounds, including low-abundance molecules, can be enriched independently of their physicochemical properties.

The agents described herein, referred to as reversible enrichment tags, are immobilized on solid support to enable the selective isolation of fractions of natural products present in a complex biological matrix. Following capture (i.e. formation of a bond with the reversible enrichment tag), elimination of compounds that do not contain the targeted functional group is accomplished by washing of the resin. Enriched compounds are liberated from the resin using gentle conditions that are expected not to interfere with either the structural integrity of the natural products or subsequent bioassays. Described herein is the development of a reversible enrichment tag for the capture of alcohol-containing natural products.

A functional group-targeted enrichment strategy includes several considerations. First, the capture reaction between the molecules to be enriched and the reversible enrichment tags should be chemoselective for the functional group. The devised reagent reversible enrichment tags should also facilitate the immobilization of a range of alcohols (e.g., primary, secondary). Additionally, the covalent bond formed between the natural products and the reversible enrichment tags attached to the solid support should be sufficiently stable to withstand extensive washing protocols to remove all compounds not containing the targeted functionality (e.g. alcohols). However, the formed bond should be readily cleavable to permit release of the enriched compounds. As mentioned, the conditions for immobilization and release should be gentle; however, the reagents utilized and their resulting byproducts should also enable direct structural and functional characterization of the isolated compounds. In one aspect of the methods described herein, volatile reagents are employed and volatile byproducts are generated during the course of the reactions minimizing the need for additional purification after release of the enriched compounds.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Several illustrative embodiments of the invention are described by the following enumerated clauses:

101. A polymeric reagent for use in the selective enrichment of hydroxyl-group-containing compounds from a mixture:

comprising a polymer having one or more functional groups of formula (CH₂)_(n)—O—Si(R¹)(R²)X covalently attached to the polymer wherein

the functional group is capable of reacting with the hydroxyl group-containing compounds when the mixture containing the compounds contacts the reagent;

n is 1 to 4;

R¹ and R² are independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of C₁-C₈ alkyl and C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; and

X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and OS(O)₂CF₃.

102. The polymeric reagent of clause 101, wherein the functional group is attached to a main chain or side chain of the polymer by a linking group.

103. The polymeric reagent of clause 101 or 102 wherein the linking group is a phenylene group.

104. The polymeric reagent of any one of clauses 101 to 103 wherein the linking group is a para-phenylene group.

105. The polymeric reagent of any one of clauses 101 to 104 wherein R¹ and R² are C₁-C₈ alkyl.

106. The polymeric reagent of any one of clauses 101 to 105 wherein n is 1.

107. The polymeric reagent of any one of clauses 101 to 106 wherein the polymer is a polyolefin, polyamide, polyurethane, or polycarbonate.

108. The polymeric reagent of any one of clauses 101 to 107 wherein the polymer is a polyolefin.

109. The polymeric reagent of any one of clauses 101 to 108 wherein the polymer is a polystyrene.

110. The polymeric reagent of any one of clauses 101 to 109 wherein polymeric reagent is a polystyrene of formula

wherein the ratio of b to a is from 1:99 to 1:1, and wherein the polystyrene is crosslinked with from 0.5 to 10.0% divinylbenzene.

111. The polymeric reagent of any one of clauses 101 to 110 wherein the functional group is CH₂OSi(CH₃)₂Cl or CH₂OSi(CH₂CH₃)₂Cl.

112. A process for preparing a second mixture selectively enriched in hydroxyl group containing compounds from a first mixture containing the hydroxyl group-containing compounds, the method comprising the step of

(a) contacting the first mixture with a polymeric reagent of any one of clauses 1 to 12;

wherein one or more of the functional groups forms a covalent bond with the hydroxyl group of one or more of the hydroxyl group-containing compounds.

113. The process of clause 112 further comprising the step (b) of washing the polymer resulting from step (a) with a solvent selected from the group consisting of optionally branched C₅-C₁₀ alkanes, optionally-branched C₁-C₅ alcohols, benzene, toluene, xylenes, C₁-C₅ alkyl C₂-C₅ alkanoates, where each of the alkyl or the alkanoate is optionally branched, C₁-C₄ alkylnitriles, DMF, THF, dioxane, DMSO, C₁-C₄ haloalkanes, and combinations thereof.

114. The process of clause 112 or 113 further comprising the step (c) of cleaving the covalent bond between the functional group and the hydroxyl group-containing compound.

115. The process of any one of clauses 112 to 114 wherein the first mixture is an extract of plant material or an extract of a fermentation broth.

116. A process for preparing a third mixture selectively enriched in aliphatic hydroxyl group containing compounds and a second mixture selectively enriched in aromatic hydroxyl group containing compound from a first mixture containing the aliphatic and aromatic hydroxyl group-containing compounds, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) contacting the first mixture with the polymeric reagent of any one of clauses 101 to 111 wherein one or more of the functional groups forms a covalent bond with the hydroxyl group of one or more of the hydroxyl group-containing compounds;

(b) washing the polymer resulting from step (a) with a solvent selected from the group consisting of optionally branched C₅-C₁₀ alkanes, optionally-branched C₁-C₅ alcohols, benzene, toluene, xylenes, C₁-C₅ alkyl C₂-C₅ alkanoates, where each of the alkyl or the alkanoate is optionally branched, C₁-C₄ alkylnitriles, DMF, THF, dioxane, DMSO, C₁-C₄ haloalkanes, and combinations thereof;

(c) selectively cleaving the covalent bond between the functional group and the aromatic hydroxyl group containing compounds;

(d) washing the polymer resulting from step (c) with a solvent selected from the group consisting of optionally branched C₅-C₁₀ alkanes, optionally-branched C₁-C₅ alcohols, benzene, toluene, xylenes, C₁-C₅ alkyl C₂-C₅ alkanoates, where each of the alkyl or the alkanoate is optionally branched, C₁-C₄ alkylnitriles, DMF, THF, dioxane, DMSO, C₁-C₄ haloalkanes, and combinations thereof to yield the second mixture; and

(e) cleaving the covalent bond between the functional group and the aliphatic hydroxyl group-containing compound.

117. The process of clause 116 wherein the selective cleavage of step (c) comprises contacting the polymeric reagent from step (b) with a mixture of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine and acetic acid.

Many natural products are rich in oxygen atoms, often found as alcohols or in heterocycles. [15, 16] The enrichment of alcohol-containing natural products, using a reversible tagging strategy using a silyl-functionalized solid support is described herein (Scheme 101). Immobilization of alcohol-containing compounds is accomplished by activation of the resin to generate a resin-bound silyl triflate or chloride, followed by addition of the alcohol and tertiary amine (e.g. triethylamine). After extensive washing, release is performed using HF-pyridine followed by quenching with TMSOMe. Although some functionalities, such as the epoxide functionality, may be sensitive to HF-pyridine, it was found herein that this reagent provides the best overall cleavage efficiency. Alternative conditions were less general requiring long reaction times, elevated reaction temperatures, and/or subsequent purification steps.

Scheme 101 General strategy for enrichment of alcohol-containing natural products.

Although silyl-functionalized resins have been extensively explored for use in synthetic chemistry, [17-21] their application to complex mixtures of compounds is not widely reported. Described herein are solid supports with reversible enrichment tags attached that can efficiently and chemoselectively capture a broad range of alcohols.

TABLE 101 Yields of enrichment for alcohol-, amine-, carboxylic acid- or thiol-containing small molecule standards with capture resins. Enrichment was quantified by LC-MS.

70%  0% 14%

63% 87% 68%

60%  0% 62%

90% 81% 92%

83% 28% 66%

68% 97% 91%

68% 89% 29%

 0%  0%  0%

 0% 53%  0%

67% 66% 79%

53% 27% 21% Compounds to Assess Chemoselectivity

3%  0%  0%

45%  0%  0%

46%  0%  0%

38%  0%  0%

96%  0%  0%

Use of a Silyl-Functionalized Resin

Initial studies examined the utility of a commercially available solid support, (4-methoxyphenyl)diisopropylsilylpropyl polystyrene resin, which is activated as the triflate just prior to use (Table 101, 101). [17] Described herein is the capture several alcohol standards, followed by resin washing, release and quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Eleven standards with varying physicochemical properties and alcohol accessibility (Table 101, S6, 17, 106-113, and 18) were subjected to the activated resin (0.1 equiv each compared to resin, capture performed as mixtures of 3-4 compounds). Enrichment yields were dependent upon the steric accessibility of the alcohol. For example, enrichment of most primary and secondary alcohol- and phenol-containing compounds proceeded well (S6, 17, 106-110, 113 and 18; yields indicate the amount of compound detected following immobilization and release). However, tertiary alcohols (111 and 112) were not enriched by resin 101.

The chemoselectivity of resin 101 was further measured by subjecting amine-, thiol- and carboxylic acid-containing compounds (S7, 19, 20, S4, and S5) to the enrichment protocol. All three of these functional group classes were captured in moderate to high yields suggesting the need for resins with higher chemoselectivity.

Generation of Chemoselective Enrichment Reagents

Synthesis and evaluation of a library of resins with varying linkers and silyl substitution patterns revealed that a benzyl alcohol-derived siloxyl resin afforded the required chemoselectivity (Table 101, resins 102 and 103; resins found to be non-selective not shown). In addition to alcohol selectivity, these siloxyl-functionalized resins have several other advantages over the silyl-functionalized resin 101. First, synthesis of the activated resins is accomplished in one step from hydroxymethyl polystyrene resin (Scheme 102). As a result, each analog is easy to produce. In general, synthesis of silane-functionalized resins requires multiple steps rendering the construction of analogs more labor intensive.

A further benefit of the siloxyl-functionalized resins is their ability to be regenerated (Scheme 102). Upon cleavage of enriched alcohols from these solid supports, the starting resin is reproduced, whereas cleavage of silane-functionalized resins yields an unrecoverable silylfluoride product. Evidence of this advantage is shown the observation that the loading capacities of resins 102 and 103 do not change after subjecting them to a round of alcohol capture and release followed by reactivation (Table 102). Examination of the total ion chromatograms of enriched compounds also illustrated the high level of purity provided by this strategy.

Hydroxylmethyl polystyrene resin can be functionalized with a variety of dichlorodialkyl silanes yielding the capture reagents. Following alcohol enrichment and cleavage, the starting resin is regenerated as indicated by the arrow.

Comparison of the dimethyl- and diethyl-substituted resins (102 and 103, respectively) demonstrated that resin 103 provides increased overall enrichment efficiency. In particular, the less sterically demanding resin 102 shows lower yields for less hindered alcohols as these compounds suffer from premature cleavage off of the resin during the washing protocol (e.g., compounds S6, 106, 108). Additionally, the less hindered resin 102 is more reactive than resin 103, increasing its susceptibility to hydrolysis and/or inconsistent enrichment yields (data not shown). Interestingly, resin 102 promotes recovery of a tertiary alcohol (12) suggesting that this resin may be useful for the isolation of extremely hindered alcohols.

Also described herein methods that enable separation of compounds bearing aliphatic and aromatic (e.g. phenolic) hydroxyls. A chemoselective polystyrene-based resin is used to capture compounds containing both classes of molecules; and then a selective release strategy is employed, as shown in Scheme 103. The phenol-containing molecules are released by contacting the resin containing the captured compounds with a mixture comprising 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG), glacial acetic acid, acetonitrile (ACN), and tetrahydrofuran (THF). This cleavage cocktail results in release of only molecules that contain an aromatic hydroxyl functional group from the resin, Scheme 103. The aliphatic hydroxyl molecules are subsequently released, as described herein using HF/pyridine.

It is believed that this selective cleavage protocol will allow access to molecules that have previously gone undetected in complex mixtures of compounds (e.g. during isolation of naturally occurring compounds). The utility of this method is shown in Tables 104 and 105, which demonstrate the chemoselectivity of the capture step and the excellent to moderate yields for the capture and release of standards.

Also described herein are reaction conditions and reagents useful for cleavage of Si—O bonds under neutral cleavage conditions. It is appreciated that these conditions and reagents may be valuable in solution phase deprotection strategies during synthesis of complex molecules.

Enrichment of an Endogenous Natural Product

In one embodiment, the utility of this strategy used in a complex extract, i.e. the enrichment of an endogenously produced natural product, anisomycin (108), is described. This compound is produced by Streptomyces griseolus [22] and is a known inhibitor of protein biosynthesis. [23] An extract of this organism was subjected to the capture strategy (resin 103) resulting in the obtaining the natural product with a similar yield to that observed upon capture of the pure standard [82% recovery (31 nmol) compared to 66% with standard.

In another embodiment, the alcohol enrichment capabilities and chemoselectivity of this strategy in the context of an extract are demonstrated for a mixture containing two alcohol-containing compounds (106 and 107) and one each of an amine-, thiol-, and carboxylic acid-containing standard (S7, 20, S4) prior to capture. Both alcohols were detected in the cleavage solution, demonstrating of the utility of resin 103 for alcohol isolation. The amine-, thiol-, and carboxylic acid-containing compounds were not enriched from the extract validating the initial chemoselectivity results.

In another aspect, the ratio of enrichment is calculated to further illustrate that alcohol-containing compounds are enriched compared to molecules containing other functional groups. Following the capture and release protocol, at least a 24-fold enrichment of the alcohols was seen in comparison to compounds not containing this functionality in all cases (Table 103). Extract material was also subjected to deactivated resin to confirm that the observed alcohol enrichment was a result of capture by the activated silane and not due to non-specific binding to the resin.

Facile identification of new natural products will require the development of novel isolation strategies. Described herein is a functional group-targeted approach, providing an example of a chemoselective method for enrichment of alcohol-containing compounds. In addition to natural products exploration, it is believed that the described reagents are useful in diverse applications such as chemoselective synthetic scavenging and isolation reagents and metabolomic profiling.

In another embodiment, the compounds described herein include the following examples. The examples further illustrate additional features of the various embodiments of the invention described herein. However, it is to be understood that the examples are illustrative and are not to be construed as limiting other embodiments of the invention described herein. In addition, it is appreciated that other variations of the examples are included in the various embodiments of the invention described herein.

METHODS AND EXAMPLES General Information

Resin reactions were performed in fritted vessels (Biospin vessels from Biorad) under an inert atmosphere of Ar or N₂. Resins were purchased from EMD Biosciences. All other chemicals were purchased from VWR or Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. Solvents were purchased as anhydrous and not further purified. Triethylamine was distilled over barium oxide.

Sample analysis was performed on an Agilent 1200 LC-MS-TOF equipped with a reverse phase column (ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18, Rapid Resolution HT, 1.8 micron, 2.1×50 mm). All sample and standard curve analysis was performed with the following gradient: isocratic elution of 100% A at 0.5 mL/min for 2 min followed by a linear gradient of 0-100% B at 0.5 mL/min over 6 min, then an isocratic elution for 2 min at 100% B, and re-equilibration with 100% A for 4 min (A: 95:5 H₂O:CH₃CN, 0.1% ammonium acetate; B 95:5 CH₃CN:H₂O, 0.1% ammonium acetate). Fragmentation voltages ranged from 75V to 175V. Gel-phase [13] C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra [20] were recorded on a Varian 1500 or a Varian VXR-400 instrument. Chemical shifts are reported relative to residual solvent peaks in parts per million. Infrared (IR) spectra were recorded using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum One FT-IR as a KBr pellet.

(4-methoxyphenyl)diisopropylsilylpropyl Polystyrene Resin Activation

A 10 mL fritted polypropylene column was charged with 126 mg (0.176 mmol) of (4-methoxyphenyl)diisopropylsilylpropyl polystyrene resin (loading capacity of 1.4 mmol/g) and equipped with a rubber septum. The resin was flushed with N₂ for 10 min. A solution of 94.0 μL trifluoroacetic acid (1.06 mmol, 6.0 equiv relative to resin) and 2.3 mL anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ was added to the resin. The resin turned red and was agitated at room temperature for 30 min. After activation, the resin was washed with 2 mL anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ three times and aliquoted into four 2 mL oven dried vials using 1.2 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂. The vials were capped and placed under N₂. Resin was utilized immediately in coupling reactions.

Benzylsiloxane Resin (102 and 103) Synthesis

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with 200 mg (0.22 mmol) of hydroxymethyl polystyrene resin (loading capacity of 1.1 mmol/g) and equipped with a rubber septum. After flushing the resin with N₂ for 10 min, the vial was charged with 4 mL anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ and the resin was allowed to swell for 5 min. To the swollen resin was added 430 μL (3.1 mmol, 14 equiv relative to Si) of freshly distilled triethylamine, 330 μL (2.2 mmol, 10 equiv relative to Si) of dichlorodiethylsilane or 300 μL dichlorodimethylsilane (2.2 mmol, 10 equiv relative to Si) and 32 mg (0.26 mmol, 1.2 equiv relative to Si) of 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The vial was capped and the reaction was agitated for 4 h at room temperature. The resin was filtered over a 10 mL fritted polypropylene column and washed with 2×10 mL anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ and aliquoted into four 5 mL oven dried vials using 2 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂. Three aliquoted vials were capped and placed under N₂ for subsequent coupling reactions, the fourth vial was transferred back to a biospin vial and rinsed three times with 1:1 THF:MeOH to hydrolyze the chlorine and yield deactivated resin to act as a control. Resin was used within 10 min of generation to prevent excessive hydrolysis. Dimethylchlorobenzylsiloxane resin (102): FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3059, 1601, 1260, 1017, 909, 733, 538 cm⁻¹; gel-phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 53.3, 40.3, 2.2. Diethylchlorobenzylsiloxane resin (103): FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3060, 1601, 1017, 909, 734, 539 cm⁻¹; gel-phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 53.3, 40.3, 8.3, 6.2.

Determination of Resin Loading Capacity.

For each of the resins, 200 mg was placed in a dry 20 mL scintillation vial. The resin was swollen with 4 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ under Ar. Next, 14 equiv of triethylamine relative to the initial loading capacity of the resin was added, followed by 10 equiv of the dichlorodialkylsilane. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine (1.1 equiv) was added and the vial was capped and allowed to agitate at room temperature for 4 h. The resin was transferred to a 10 mL biospin vial and rinsed under Ar with anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (2×2 mL). Next, 3 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ was added to the resin and allowed to swell for 1 min. The resin was aliquoted into five 2 mL vials (40 mg of resin into each). One aliquot acted as a control, which was hydrolyzed as described previously in the manuscript Experimental section. To each of the vials was added 8.0 equiv of triethylamine and 3.0 equiv of Fmoc-aminopropanol dissolved in 1 mL of anhydrous THF. The reactions were agitated overnight at room temperature. Resin was transferred to a 2 mL biospin vessel and subjected to the standard wash protocol. The resins were dried overnight at room temperature in a vacuum desiccator at 30 mmHg. Coupled resin was transferred to polypropylene vials (5 mL). To the resin was added 500/50/50 μL (v/v) of a freshly prepared solution of THF/HF.pyridine (70/30 wt %)/pyridine (1.6 mmol of HF, 28 equiv relative to Si) and the reaction was gently agitated at room temperature for 3 h. To this was added 500 μL of TMSOMe (3.6 mmol, 83 equiv relative to Si) to quench excess HF and the resin was agitated for an additional 30 min at room temperature. The resin was washed with THF (3×1 mL×10 minutes) and filtered over a 1 mL fritted polypropylene column into a 20 mL scintillation vial. The THF wash was concentrated under reduced pressure with no additional heating and the sample was redissolved in 10 mL of 2:1:1 H₂O/THF/MeOH. Analysis was performed by injection of 1 μL of this solution onto a LC-MS-TOF and comparing the observed peak area to that of standard curve data. The average of the three replicates was used as the loading capacity for all subsequent coupling experiments. Dimethylbenzyl siloxane resin loading capacity 0.15 mmol/g; diethylbenzyl siloxane resin loading capacity 0.18 mmol/g (Table 102).

TABLE 102 Loading capacities of synthesized resins. First Capture Second Capture Loading Loading Capacity Capacity Dimethylbenzyl siloxane resin 102 a 0.15 mmol/g 0.16 mmol/g Dimethylbenzyl siloxane resin 102 b 0.16 mmol/g 0.12 mmol/g Dimethylbenzyl siloxane resin 102 c 0.14 mmol/g 0.13 mmol/g Dimethylbenzyl siloxane resin 102 0.15 mmol/g 0.14 mmol/g Average Diethylbenzyl siloxane resin 103 0.19 mmol/g 0.23 mmol/g Diethylbenzyl siloxane resin 103 0.18 mmol/g 0.19 mmol/g Diethylbenzyl siloxane resin 103 0.17 mmol/g 0.21 mmol/g Diethylbenzyl siloxane resin 103 0.18 mmol/g 0.21 mmol/g Average Capture of Alcohols onto Resin

To activated resin was added 50 μL of freshly distilled triethylamine (0.35 mmol, 8.0 equiv relative to Si). A stock solution of model alcohols was prepared in 500 μL of anhydrous THF, which contained three or four compounds. From this solution, 100 μL was added to each reaction vessel (0.1 equiv of each alcohol relative to resin loading capacity). The coupling reactions were gently agitated at room temperature overnight (˜16 h). The resin was transferred to a 2 mL fritted polypropylene column and subjected to the wash protocol described herein. Resins were dried overnight at room temperature in a vacuum desiccator at 30 mmHg.

Resin Wash Protocol

Resin is transferred to a fritted vessel and rinsed as follows: CH₂Cl₂ (suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), THF (suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), DMSO/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), THF (suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), DMSO/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), CH₂Cl₂ (suspend resin in 2 mL for 10 min, rinse 2×2 mL), toluene (suspend resin in 2 mL for 5 min, rinse 2×2 mL), DMF (suspend resin in 2 mL for 5 min, rinse 2×2 mL), CH₂Cl₂ (suspend resin in 2 mL for 5 min, rinse 2×2 mL), hexanes (suspend resin in 2 mL for 5 min, rinse 2×2 mL), CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (3:1, suspend resin in 2 mL for 5 min, rinse 2×2 mL), CHCl₃ (3×2 mL; ensured that solvent has not become acidic to minimize premature cleavage of the resin which could result), CH₂Cl₂ (3×2 mL).

Release of Alcohols from Resin

Coupled resin was transferred to polypropylene vials. To the resin was added 500/50/50 μL (v/v) of a freshly prepared solution of THF/HF.pyridine (70/30 wt %)/pyridine (2.0 mmol of HF, 45 equiv relative to Si) and the reaction was gently agitated at room temperature for 3 h. To this was added 500 μL of TMSOMe (3.6 mmol, 83 equiv relative to Si) to quench excess HF and the resin was agitated for an additional 30 min at room temperature. The resin was washed with THF (3×1 mL×10 min) and filtered over a 1 mL fritted polypropylene column into a 20 mL scintillation vial. The THF wash was concentrated under reduced pressure with no heating and the sample was dissolved in 5 mL of 2:1:1 H₂O/THF/MeOH. Analysis was performed by injection of 1 μL of this solution onto a LC-MS-TOF and comparing the observed peak area to that of standard curve data.

Ratios of Enrichment of Captured Compounds Compared to Non-Captured Compounds.

To illustrate that the alcohol-containing compounds are being dramatically enriched in comparison to the molecules containing other functional groups, the ratio of enrichment is calculated. The ratio of each alcohol to the chemoselective set of compounds was calculated and normalized. Normalization is required given that although an equivalent number of moles of each compound was used, the ionization efficiency of each compound is unique, making the observed peak areas dramatically different. Accordingly, the initial ratios were normalized to a 1:1 ratio and this factor was applied to the post-capture data. In all cases, following the capture and release protocol at least a 24-fold enrichment of the alcohols was seen in comparison to the non-alcohol compounds.

TABLE 103 Peak Ratio Normalized Before Normalization Peak Ratio Ratio After Capture Factor After Capture Capture Androsterone/Fmoc-Val-OH 0.1097 9.1165 3.5064 31.9657 Androsterone/Trypamine 0.1298 7.7039 46.6193 359.1488 Androsterone/Cys-methyl 0.6922 1.4447 16.6610 24.0698 ester Cortisone/Fmoc-Val-OH 0.1560 6.4117 5.3185 34.1004 Cortisone/Trypamine 0.1846 5.4182 70.7123 383.1332 Cortisone/Cys-methyl ester 0.9842 1.0161 25.2715 25.6772 Separation of Aliphatic-Hydroxyl Containing Compounds from Aromatic-Hydroxyl Containing Compounds.

Hydroxyl-containing molecules are subjected to the capture conditions described in this application. The resin (40 mg scale) was rinsed following the described protocol, was transferred to a 2 mL eppendorf tube and swollen with 400 μL of THF. In a separate vial the following were mixed together: 25 μL of TMG (0.2 mmol, 20 equiv), 12 μL of glacial acetic acid (0.24 mmol, 1.14 equiv) and 100 μL of acetonitrile. This mixture was added to the resin and agitated for 15 min at 30° C. The resin was transferred to a 2 mL biospin vessel and rinsed with THF, DCM, and THF. All organic washes are combined and concentrated to dryness to yield the phenol mixture. The resin was transferred back to a 2 mL eppendorf tube and subjected to the previously described HF/pyr/pyr cleavage conditions to yield the aliphatic hydroxyl-containing molecules.

TABLE 104 Recovery yields of model compounds utilizing the TMG and acetic acid method with a variety of resin derivatives.

R = Me R = Et R = Cyclohexyl R = Decyl R = Isobutyl R = n-Butyl Model Compound R′ = Me R′ = Me R′ = Methyl R′ = Methyl R′ = Methyl R′ = Methyl

60% 52% 22% 71% 40% 58%

35% 53% 75% 67% 62% 66%

60% 65% 10% 58% 54% 48%

71% 30%  8% 50% 25% 42%

73% 46% 41% 55% 29% 45%

52% 48% 15% 49% 42% 18%

53% 21% 12% 30% 33% 28%

18%  4%  1%  4%  2%  5%

23%  7%  2% 13%  7% 13%

14%  4%  5%  6%  9%  1%

22%  1%  3% 19% 10% 17%

16% 16%  0%  3%  2%  2%

25% 12%  8%  2%  2%  0%

10% 25%  2% 11%  8% 11%

TABLE 105 Recovery yields of model compounds using a mixture of HF/pyr/pyr after the resin had previously been subjected to amixture of TMG/acetic acid to cleave phenols.

R = Me R = Etl R = Cyclohexyl R = Decyl R = Isobutyl R = n-Butyl Model Compound R′ = Me R′ = Me R′ = Methyl R′ = Methyl R′ = Methyl R′ = Methyl

 2% 13% 51%  9% 24% 13%

 0%  1%  0%  0%  0%  0%

 1%  2% 56% 43% 42% 32%

 7% 28% 59% 36% 33% 32%

 4% 20% 51% 20% 23% 22%

 2%  4% 42%  6% 30% 16%

 5% 35% 43% 56% 26% 23%

65% 72% 80% 76% 74% 73%

57% 77% 89% 87% 87% 81%

50% 53% 52% 75% 50% 53%

56% 67% 71% 81% 68% 68%

44% 52% 61% 55% 63% 45%

60% 64% 58% 63% 70% 63%

33% 51% 72% 56% 40% 39% Preparation of Streptomyces griseolus Extract

Streptomyces griseolus (Waksman) was purchased from ATCC as a freeze-dried pellet. Cells were grown as described previously. [24] Briefly, 20 mL cultures were grown in ISP Medium 2 at 28° C. for ten days yielding white spores. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 2000 g for 10 min at 25° C. The broth was decanted, transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted according to the following protocol: EtOAC (2×300 mL), CHCl₃ (2×300 mL), hexanes (2×300 mL), diethyl ether (2×300 mL), 3:1 CHCl₃:MeOH (3×300 mL). All organic washes were combined and evaporated under reduced pressure yielding 171 mg of crude material. This material was dissolved in 2 mL of THF and 2 mL of MeOH. From this solution, 5 μL was analyzed on the LC-MS-TOF to quantify the amount of anisomycin present in the crude extract (223 nmol).

Enrichment of Endogenously Produced Anisomycin (108)

Bacterial extract material (29 mg) was dissolved in 3 mL of anhydrous THF and 2.4 mL of anhydrous DMSO. The chemoselective compound mixture (600 μL solution containing 223 nmol each of cortisone, trans-androsterone, N-Boc-L-Cys-OMe, tryptamine, and Fmoc-Val-OH in THF) was added and the total volume was brought to 6 mL with THF. Six 20 mL scintillation vials were charged with 400 mg (“10 equivalents”; see below) of hydroxymethyl polystyrene and activated with dichlorodiethylsilane as described. This amount of resin was chosen by estimation of the theoretical number of moles of material in the bacterial extract based on the assumption that the average compound molecular weight was 200 Da. Comparable results were obtained with fewer “equivalents” as long as an alcohol capture standard was included to ensure that resin was not the limiting reagent.

After 4 h, each vial of resin was transferred to a 10 mL biospin vessel and washed twice under Ar with 4 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂. The resin was then transferred back to a freshly dried 20 mL scintillation vial. Five vials were immediately placed under an atmosphere of Ar and the sixth vial was rinsed with MeOH/THF to hydrolyze the activated resin, to yield an unactivated control resin. Next, to all vials was added 83 μL of freshly distilled triethylamine and 1 mL of the mixture of the crude bacteria extract containing the chemoselective set of compounds. The vials were capped and agitated overnight at room temperature. The resin was transferred to 10 mL biospin vessels and subjected to the wash protocol. The resin vessels were dried overnight in a vacuum desiccator at 30 mmHg. The dried resin was transferred to 20 mL polypropylene vial and swelled with 3 mL of anhydrous THF. To each vial was added 1 mL of a 50/50 mixture (v/v) of HF.pyridine (70/30 wt %)/pyridine (16 mmol of HF, 28 equiv relative to Si). The vials were capped and agitated for 3 h at room temperature. After this time, 5 mL of TMSOMe (36 mmol, 83 equiv relative to Si) was added to quench excess HF and the resin was agitated for an additional 30 min at room temperature. The resin was washed with THF (3×2 mL×10 min) and filtered over a 10 mL fritted polypropylene column into a 20 mL scintillation vial. The THF wash was then concentrated under reduced pressure with no heating and the sample was dissolved in 400 μL of 2:1:1 H₂O/THF/MeOH. Analysis was performed by injection of 5 μL of this solution onto a LC-MS-TOF and comparing the observed peak area to that of standard curve data. Comparison of the TIC of the crude bacterial extract to that of the captured molecules and the TIC obtained following extract exposure to deactivated resin is also illustrates that alcohol enrichment results only from specific interactions with the activated siloxyl-functionalized resin. LC-MS analysis demonstrates that amine-, thiol-, and carboxylic acid-containing compounds were not enriched in this experiment. Extracted ion chromatograms of alcohols captured from Streptomyces griseolus broth show that endogenously-produced anisomycin (108) was captured (30.5 nmol, 82% recovery) in addition to the two additional alcohols that were spiked into the extract (223 nmol each) before the capture and release (i.e., cortisone, 106, 113 nmol, 51% recovery and trans-androsterone 107, 119 nmol, 53% recovery).

While certain embodiments of the present invention have been described and/or exemplified above, it is contemplated that considerable variation and modification thereof are possible. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described and/or exemplified herein.

One skilled in the art will also readily recognize that where members are grouped together in a common manner, such as in a Markush group, the present invention encompasses not only the entire group listed as a whole, but each member of the group individually and all possible subgroups of the main group. Accordingly, for all purposes, the present invention encompasses not only the main group, but also the main group absent one or more of the group members. The present invention also envisages the explicit exclusion of one or more of any of the group members in the claimed invention.

PART B—REFERENCES

-   1. J. Clardy and C. Walsh, Nature, 2004, 432, 829-837. -   2. D. J. Newman and G. M. Cragg, J. Nat. Prod., 2007, 70, 461-477. -   3. E. E. Carlson, ACS Chem. Biol., 2010, 5, 639-653. -   4. T. Böttcher, M. Pitscheider and S. A. Sieber, Angew. Chem. Int.     Ed., 2010, 49, 2680-2698. -   5. S. D. Sarker, Z. Latif and A. I. Gray, eds., Natural products     isolation, Second edn., Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., 2006. -   6. F. E. Koehn and G. T. Carter, Nature Rev. Drug Discov., 2005, 4,     206-220. -   7. M. S. Butler, J. Nat. Prod., 2004, 67, 2141-2153. -   8. O. Sticher, Nat. Prod. Rep., 2008, 25, 517-554. -   9. M. Månsson, R. K. Phipps, L. Gram, M. H. Munro, T. O. Larsen     and K. F. Nielsen, J. Nat. Prod., 2010, 73, 1126-1132. -   10. J. J. Araya, G. Montenegro, L. A. Mitscher and B. N.     Timmerman, J. Nat. Prod., 2010, 73, 1568-1572. -   11. A. Cheminat, C. Benezra, M. J. Farrall and J. M. J. Fréchet,     Can. J. Chem., 1981, 59, 1405-1414.

12. J. M. J. Fréchet, A. J. Hagen, C. Benezra and A. Cheminat, Pure & Appl. Chem., 1982, 54, 2181-2188.

-   13. E. E. Carlson and B. F. Cravatt, Nat. Methods, 2007, 4, 429-435. -   14. E. E. Carlson and B. F. Cravatt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129,     15780-15782. -   15. M. Gualtieri, F. Baneres-Roquet, P. Villian-Guillot, M. Pugniere     and J.-P. Leonetti, Curr. Med. Chem., 2009, 16, 390-393. -   16. K. Grabowski, K.-H. Baringhaus and G. Schneider, Nat. Prod.     Rep., 2008, 25, 892-904. -   17. J. A. Tallarico, K. M. Depew, H. E. Pelish, N.J. Westwood, C. W.     Lindsley, M. D. Shair, S. L. Schreiber and M. A. Foley, J. Comb.     Chem., 2001, 3, 312-318. -   18. Y. Hu, J. A. Porco, J. W. Labadie and O. W. Gooding, J. Org.     Chem., 1998, 63, 4518-4521. -   19. C. M. DiBlasi, D. E. Macks and D. S. Tan, Org. Lett., 2005, 7,     1777-1780. -   20. M. M. Meloni, P. D. White, D. Armour and R. C. D. Brown,     Tetrahedron, 2007, 63, 299-311. -   21. T. L. Boehm and H. D. H. Showalter, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61,     6498-6499. -   22. B. A. Sobin and J. Tanner, F. W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1954, 76,     4053. -   23. A. P. Grollman, J. Biol. Chem., 1967, 242, 3226-3233. -   24. H. D. Isenberg, ed., Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook,     American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1992.

PART C

In the following section all compound, composition, table, and scheme labels refer to those items in PART C only. Reference to items in PART A or PART B will be indicated by including PART A or PART B to the label from that section.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Total ion chromatograms for the enrichment of streptonigrin. (a) Crude S. flocculus extract with streptonigrin highlighted (indicated by * and arrow; ˜6.6 min). (b) Following phenol enrichment, streptonigrin is the major species at this timepoint (Figure S3).

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

Chemoselective isolation strategies to enable enrichment of subsets of molecules from complex mixtures including the hydroxyl moiety⁵ and the carboxylic acid group have been described previously⁶ (also PARTS A and B). Unlike traditional discovery methods that separate molecules by their physicochemical properties such as size or solubility, these methods facilitate separation of molecules based upon their functional group composition⁷ (also PARTS A and B). The devised reagents are polystyrene-based resin beads containing a chemoselective reactive group that captures only molecules that contain the targeted functionality, which remain affixed to the resin, while all others are washed away. The enriched subpool is subsequently released from resin yielding two distinct collections of molecules for biological testing.

In comparison to synthetic drugs, natural products contain a larger number of stereocenters, fewer nitrogen and sulfur atoms and more oxygen atoms, which are present in several functional groups including ethers, ketones, carboxylic acids and hydroxyls. While the carboxylic acid moiety is found in only ˜15% of natural products, providing a small group of compounds following enrichment, the hydroxyl is present in approximately 70% of all natural products.⁸ Accordingly, there is a need to develop an enrichment strategy capable of differentiating between aromatic and aliphatic alcohols, yielding two smaller subsets of molecules. Separation of phenols from the remaining hydroxyl pool would be advantageous because this functional group is prevalent in drugs⁹ and compounds containing these moieties possess antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial properties.^(10,11) Routine pH-mediated extraction techniques do not enable the separation of all phenols from aliphatic and carboxylic acid-containing compounds because the pKa values of these compounds span a wide range (Figure S1).¹² In addition, use of anion exchange resin promotes simultaneous isolation of phenols and carboxylic acids.¹³

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Modification of the previously developed enrichment strategy to achieve differentiation between aliphatic and aryl hydroxyl groups by taking advantage of the disparity in the pKa values of phenolic (pKa ˜10) and aliphatic hydroxyl moieties (pKa ˜16) was attempted. These attempts to promote selective capture by alteration of the base utilized during the coupling step were unsuccessful (data not shown). Development of conditions under which both the aryl and aliphatic alcohols were captured, but selective cleavage of one molecule subpool were attempted. Given the structural complexity and diversity present in natural product extract materials, mild conditions (i.e., neutral pH) that would affect cleavage yet minimize compound modification or degradation were sought. Methods for the selective removal of aliphatic silyl ethers in the presence of aryl silyl ethers have been reported, but usually require the use of acidic reagents.^(14,15) Selective cleavage of aryl silicon protecting groups^(14,15) is most often accomplished under basic conditions¹⁶⁻²⁰ or with fluoride sources.^(21,22)

These deprotection methods are often harsh, resulting in further hydrolysis, or display substrate dependent selectivity making them non-ideal for a general isolation method. It was believed, that the lower pKa value of the phenols might enable cleavage of these compounds at pH values near 7. It was believed that aliphatic hydroxyls would be retained on the resin and later released using previously reported conditions (HF·pyr/pyr).⁵

With the development of a neutral strategy in mind, reported conditions to achieve selective cleavage of aryl silicon protecting groups were surveyed. The use of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanadine (TMG), a catalyst utilized for a number of transformations,²³⁻²⁵ enabled deprotection of a variety of substrates and showed good functional group tolerance.²⁶ Cleavage with this reagent was most effective in polar aprotic solvents (acetonitrile [ACN] gave best results) and at 50 degrees. Neither of these conditions was well suited for use with polystyrene resin (does not swell in ACN) or natural product extract material (heat is avoided to protect structural integrity). Most concerning, however, was the fact that TMG is a superbase in ACN²⁷ and these cleavage reactions were performed at pH of ≧14. TMG has been proposed to facilitate selective aryl hydroxyl cleavage by a nucleophilic mechanism.²⁶ It was reasoned that the basicity of TMG could be potentiated without significant loss of this nucleophilic character by protonation.

The previously reported selective TMG-promoted phenol deprotection was performed on tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) functionalized compounds. To determine if a potentiated TMG system could facilitate selective deprotection, substrates containing this protecting group in were examined solution. Eight TBDMS protected molecules were synthesized, four protected on a phenol and four on an aliphatic hydroxyl. Glacial acetic acid was selected for TMG protonation and it was discovered that pre-mixing of TMG in ACN/tetrahydrofuran with 1.15 eq of acetic acid relative to the TMG lead to the best phenol deprotection yields.

Importantly, the pH of this cleavage cocktail is 7.5. Modest to good yields were observed with 10 eq. of TMG/acetic acid allowed to stir for 12 hr at room temperature (TABLE C-1). Even a complex compound such as novobiocin (4) was readily deprotected. The triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) aryl ethers of several substrates were also generated and found to cleave with the devised conditions (TABLE C-1). TIPS and TBMDS protected aliphatic hydroxyl substrates were stable to these reaction conditions. Described herein are cleavage conditions that afford selective deprotection of trialkylarylsilyl ethers with retention of trialkylaliphatic silyl ethers. It is believed that these mild conditions will find application in synthetic efforts. In a complex total synthesis, trialkylsilicon groups are often not applied late in the synthetic scheme for protection of aryl hydroxyl groups because their unmasking usually requires extreme pH, fluoride anions or both. Several well-known natural products, such as tetracycline,²⁸ vancomycin²⁹ and novobiocin,³⁰ contain both aliphatic and aryl hydroxyl groups and their syntheses could benefit from the mild conditions described here.

TABLE C-1 Deprotection of phenols with using TMG method. The yield from the TIPS derivative of the corresponding substrate is shown in parenthesizes.

Substrate Product Yield

95% (75%)

63% (75%)

63% (79%)

58%

Previous work demonstrated that chemoselective capture of hydroxyl-containing compounds required use of a dialkylsiloxyl chloride-functionalized resin (9 and 10).⁵ Given the steric and electronic differences between hydroxyl groups conjugated to resin and TBDMS or TIPS ethers in solution, it was believed that direct translation of the above described deprotection conditions may not be possible. An array of resin derivatives with varying alkyl substitutions about the silicon were examined to determine which scaffold showed promise for generation of conditions under which aryl and aliphatic alcohols could be cleaved stepwise (TABLE C-2, resins 9-13 and S11-S15). A mixture of four phenols and three aliphatic hydroxyls was coupled to the resin using previously devised conditions (Et₃N, dichloromethane/THF).⁵ Cleavage was performed with TMG/acetic acid (20 eq., 15 min., 30° C.) followed by HF·pyr/pyr to remove all remaining molecules. Ideally, only the phenols would be recovered following treatment with TMG and only aliphatic hydroxyl-containing molecules would be obtained from the HF cleavage. If >10% of the unintended group was seen in either cleavage, this was considered a chemoselective violation (e.g., an aliphatic hydroxyl compound was recovered during TMG cleavage).

TABLE C-2 Examination of polystyrene-based dialkylsiloxane resins for selective release of phenols with TMG and cleavage of aliphatic hydroxyl molecules with HF.

Avg. Phenol Recovery Avg. Aliphatic Recovery TMG Cleavage Violations HF Cleavage Violations R¹ = methyl, 58% 52% 7 0 R² = methyl (9) R¹ = ethyl, 48% 58% 2 2 R² = ethyl (10) R¹ = methyl, 45% 62% 3 4 R² = ethyl (11) R¹ = methyl, 28% 54% 2 5 R² = isopropyl (12) R¹ = methyl,  9% 17% 2 1 R² = t-butyl (13) R¹ = methyl, 25% 50% 3 2 R² = phenyl (S11) R¹ = methyl, 41% 65% 2 5 R² = isobutyl (S12) R¹ = methyl, 44% 60% 5 3 R² = n-butyl (S13) R¹ = methyl, 29% 73% 1 3 R² = cyclohexyl (S14) R¹ = methyl, 61% 80% 2 3 R² = decyl (S15)

The less bulky capture reagents gave better yields of both aryl and aliphatic hydroxyl groups (9-11 versus 12 and 13; TABLE C-2). All examined resins displayed chemoselective violations, however, the dimethyl derivative (9) showed unintended cleavage of only the aliphatic hydroxyl groups with TMG while all other resins displayed unwanted cleavage of both hydroxyl group types (10-13 and S11-S15). Given the comparatively good yields seen with resin 9 and the need to avoid only one type of unintended reaction with this scaffold, attention was focused on this resin. It was discovered that use of 10 eq. of TMG/acetic acid for 10 min. at room temperature gave the desired result (TABLE C-3). A total of 28 compounds were coupled and released from resin, 13 phenols and 15 aliphatic alcohols. The average recovery yield for phenols was 62%, including the isolation of sterically hindered phenols and phenol-containing natural products (6, 15, 16, S24, S25). Aliphatic alcohols remained attached to resin through the TMG/acetic acid cleavage and were released upon exposure to HF·pyr/pyr. Primary (18-21, S16-S19), secondary (22, 23, S29-S22), and tertiary (24, S23) alcohols were all readily enriched with an overall average recovery yield of 70% including atropine (19), an ester-containing natural product which was stable to the TMG and HF cleavage conditions (TABLE C-3). Finally, resin 9 was exposed to a set of compounds containing functional groups other than the hydroxyl to ensure that these molecules were not enriched, establishing the chemo selectivity of this method (TABLE C-4).

TABLE C-3 Enrichment yields for aliphatic- and aryl-containing hydroxyl molecules with resin 9. As shown, the aliphatic molecules are not released when subjected to TMG cleavage and therefore have a corresponding zero or low percent yield. This is in contrast to the phenols that are released completely with TMG. Standard deviation was determined from a triplicate of resin coupling and cleavage. Isolated Isolated from TMG from HF Cleavage Standard Cleavage Standard Compound (1^(st)) Deviation (2^(nd)) Deviation

 8% 2% 68% 5%

 8% 1% 74% 1%

 6% 2% 81% 4%

 2% 1% 50% 3%

 7% 1% 55% 4%

10% 1% 76% 2%

 1% 1% 54% 5%

 1% 1% 49% 3%

 8% 1% 85% 4%

 6% 1% 84% 2%

 6% 1% 90% 2%

 5% 2% 83% 1%

 2% 1% 68% 2%

 0% 0% 61% 2%

  0% 0% 59% 3%

94% 2%  5% 4%

71% 1%  0% 0%

86% 1%  4% 3%

77% 3%  1% 1%

70% 3%  6% 1%

50% 3%  5% 1%

52% 1%  3% 1%

44% 2%  0% 0%

54% 1%  0% 0%

35% 1%  0% 0%

69% 2%  5% 3%

65% 5%  2% 1%

77% 7%  0% 0%

TABLE C-4 Demonstration of the chemoselectivity of resin 9 with molecules that contain the indicated functional groups and not a hydroxyl moiety. These compounds are not captured, but observed in the initial drain (first DCM and THF rinses) of the resin after subjecting them to the resin. Isolated Isolated Isolated from TMG Standard from HF Standard from Resin Compound Cleavage Deviation Cleavage Deviation Drain

2% 1% 0% 0% 88% 

0% 0% 0% 0% 98% 

0% 0% 0% 0% 97% 

0% 0% 0% 0% 93% 

2% 2% 0% 0% 70% 

2% 2% 0% 0% 53%*

0% 0% 0% 0% 69% 

0% 0% 0% 0% 71%  *The remaining amine is rinsed away in the later stages that use DMSO and DMF and are not analyzed.

To demonstrate the utility of the devised strategy for enrichment of an endogenously produced phenolic compound, enrichment of streptonigrin (25), an aminoquinone that possesses antibiotic and antitumor properties was accomplished. This natural product is produced by Streptomyces flocculus and has been the subject of considerable study because of its unique structural features (e.g., rotationally hindered biaryl linkages).^(31,32) Crude extract³³ was subjected to enrichment resin 9. Aryl hydroxyls were cleaved with TMG/acetic acid followed by the aliphatic hydroxyl group-containing compounds. The total ion chromatograms (TIC) for crude material (a) and phenol-containing compounds (b) are depicted in FIG. 1. Fewer compounds are present after separation of the phenols, enabling better resolution of the remaining components. Additionally, some features such as streptonigrin (asterisk) represent a greater proportion of the aryl hydroxyl fraction than of the crude extract demonstrating enrichment. Importantly, 75% of the streptonigrin produced was recovered in the aryl alcohol fraction and only a minor quantity of this compound was found in the aliphatic pool confirming cleavage selectivity (8% yield). The extent of alcohol enrichment in comparison to compounds containing other functional groups that were spiked into the S. flocculus media was quantified. Phenols were enriched by an average of ˜180-fold and aliphatic hydroxyl containing molecules by an average of ˜207-fold over other functional groups (TABLE C-5) demonstrating the utility of the devised strategy to enrich compounds and promote detection of low abundant species.

TABLE C-5 Ratios of enrichment of hydroxyl-containing molecules (both aliphatic and aryl) subjected to activated resin versus unactivated resin. The mixture of compounds that contained both types of hydroxyls and the chemoselective suite of compounds was subjected to activated resin (9) and an unactivated control resin (No Si—Cl). The peak areas obtained following performance of the release protocol from both resin samples are shown above. These data clearly illustrate that the observed enrichment of the hydroxyl molecules is only a result of specific capture by the activated disiloxane moiety and not due to non-specific binding to the resin. Peak Area Peak Area Ratio of Following Following Enrichment Exposure to Exposure to (Activated/ Activated Unactivated Deactivated Model Hydroxyls Resin (9) Resin resin) Bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine 4136015 5739 721 (S18) 4-(Z-amino)cyclohexanol (23) 673410 3489 193 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2- 347759 1194 291 butanone (5) Acetovanillone (6) 135831 1348 101

Described herein is a selective strategy to facilitate cleavage of trialkylsilyl groups from aryl hydroxyls at neutral pH and room temperature, while aliphatic alcohols remain protected. The devised method was employed in the generation of a reversible enrichment tagging approach capable of separating aryl and aliphatic alcohols by stepwise release of these two classes of compounds. It is believed that the strategy for the separation of aryl and aliphatic hydroxyl-containing compounds described herein will find utility in many applications, including the discovery of natural products.

Several illustrative embodiments of the invention are described by the following enumerated clauses:

1. A process for preparing a second mixture selectively enriched in aromatic-hydroxyl group containing compounds from a first mixture comprising hydroxyl group containing compounds, where the hydroxyl group containing compounds include one or more functional groups selected from aromatic-hydroxyl groups and aliphatic-hydroxyl groups, the method comprising the steps

(a) contacting the first mixture with a polymeric reagent

comprising a polymer having one or more functional groups of formula (CH₂)_(n)—O—Si(R¹)(R²)X covalently attached to the polymer, wherein

the functional group is capable of reacting with hydroxyl group containing compounds when the mixture containing the compounds contacts the reagent;

n is 1 to 4;

R¹ and R² are independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of C₁-C₈ alkyl and C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; and

X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and OS(O)₂CF₃.;

wherein one or more of the functional groups forms a covalent bond with the hydroxyl group of one or more of the hydroxyl group containing compounds;

(b) washing the polymer resulting from step (a) with a solvent selected from the group consisting of optionally branched C₅-C₁₀ alkanes, optionally-branched C₁-C₅ alcohols, benzene, toluene, xylenes, C₁-C₅ alkyl C₂-C₅ alkanoates, where each of the alkyl or the alkanoate is optionally branched, C₁-C₄ alkylnitriles, DMF, THF, dioxane, DMSO, C₁-C₄ haloalkanes, and combinations thereof; and

(c) contacting the polymer resulting from step (b) with a mixture comprising 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and R³CO₂H, where R³ is C₁-C₈ alkyl to generate the second mixture.

2. A process for preparing a third mixture selectively enriched in aliphatic-hydroxyl group containing compounds from a first mixture comprising hydroxyl group containing compounds, where the hydroxyl group containing compounds include one or more functional groups selected from aromatic-hydroxyl groups and aliphatic-hydroxyl groups, the method comprising the steps

(a) contacting the first mixture with a polymeric reagent

comprising a polymer having one or more functional groups of formula (CH₂)_(n)—O—Si(R¹)(R²)X covalently attached to the polymer, wherein the functional group is capable of reacting with hydroxyl group containing compounds when the mixture containing the compounds contacts the reagent;

n is 1 to 4;

R¹ and R² are independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of C₁-C₈ alkyl and C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; and

X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and OS(O)₂CF₃.;

wherein one or more of the functional groups forms a covalent bond with the hydroxyl group of one or more of the hydroxyl group containing compounds;

(b) washing the polymer resulting from step (a) with a solvent selected from the group consisting of optionally branched C₅-C₁₀ alkanes, optionally-branched C₁-C₅ alcohols, benzene, toluene, xylenes, C₁-C₅ alkyl C₂-C₅ alkanoates, where each of the alkyl or the alkanoate is optionally branched, C₁-C₄ alkyl nitriles, DMF, THF, dioxane, DMSO, C₁-C₄ haloalkanes, and combinations thereof;

(c) contacting the polymer resulting from step (b) with a mixture comprising 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and R³CO₂H, where R³ is C₁-C₈ alkyl to generate the second mixture;

(d) washing the polymer resulting from step (c) with a solvent selected from the group consisting of optionally branched C₅-C₁₀ alkanes, optionally-branched C₁-C₅ alcohols, benzene, toluene, xylenes, C₁-C₅ alkyl C₂-C₅ alkanoates, where each of the alkyl or the alkanoate is optionally branched, C₁-C₄ alkylnitriles, DMF, THF, dioxane, DMSO, C₁-C₄ haloalkanes, and combinations thereof; and

(e) contacting the polymer resulting from step (d) with a mixture of HF and pyridine.

3. The process of clause 1 or 2 wherein R¹ and R² are C₁-C₈ alkyl.

4. The process of any one of the preceding clauses wherein n is 1.

5. The process of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the polymer is a polyolefin, polyamide, polyurethane, or polycarbonate.

6. The process of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the polymeric reagent is a polystyrene of formula

wherein the ratio of b to a is from 1:99 to 1:1, and wherein the polystyrene is crosslinked with from 0.5 to 10.0% divinylbenzene.

7. The process of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the functional group is CH₂OSi(CH₃)₂C1.

8. The process of any one of the preceding clauses wherein R³ is methyl.

9. The process of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the first mixture is an extract of plant material, an extract of a fermentation broth, or a mixture resulting from a process to prepare one or more carboxyl group-containing compounds.

10. The process of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the ratio of TMG to R³CO₂H is from about 0.9 to about 1.25, from about 1.0 to about 1.2, or from about 1.1 to about 1.15.

11. The process of any one of the preceding clauses wherein the

As used herein the term hydroxyl containing compound indicates a compound that includes one or more functional groups selected from aromatic-hydroxyl groups and aliphatic-hydroxyl groups. It is to be understood that hydroxyl containing compounds may include one or more additional functional groups. As used herein the term “phenol” generally refers to a compound which includes at least one aromatic hydroxyl group (referred to a phenolic hydroxyl group).

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION General Materials and Methods

Triethylamine was distilled over barium oxide. Resin coupling reactions performed in biospin fritted vessels from Biorad under argon. Resin enrichment yields determined on a LC-MS-TOF equipped with a C18 column (1.8 micron, 2.1×50 mm). All sample and standard curve analysis was performed with the following gradient (A: 95% H₂O:5% ACN:0.5% Ammonium Acetate; B: 95% ACN: 5% H₂O: 0.5% Ammonium Acetate): 0-1 min 100% A at 0.5 mL/min, 1-5.5 min is comprised of a linear gradient of 0-100% B also with a linear gradient flow rate change from 0.5 mL/min to 0.75 mL/min, 5.5-7 min at 0.75 mL/min is 100% B. The system was then allowed to equilibrate for 2 min back to 100% A. MS fragmentation voltages ranged from 75-200V. NMR chemical shifts were reported relative to residual solvent peaks in parts per million. Infrared (IR) spectra were recorded using a FT-IR as a KBr pellet. Preparatory HPLC was performed on a C18 column (21.2 mm×25 cm) with the following gradient: A: 100% H₂O, B:100% ACN; 0-1 min 95% A: 5% B, 60 mL/min; 1-6 min linear gradient of 5% B to 95% B linear flow rate increase from 60 mL/min to 70 mL/min; 6-10 min hold at 95% B at 70 mL/min. Determination of protecting group retention on aliphatic hydroxyls was performed by analytical HPLC (C18, 4.6×150 mm, 5 μm) with the following gradient: A:100% H₂O, B: 100% ACN; 0-1 min 5% B with a flow rate of 3 mL/min, 1-10 linear gradient from 5% to 95% B with an increase in flow rate from 3 mL/min to 4 mL/min, 10-15 min 95% B at 4 mL/min. Both HPLC methods were monitored at 254 nm and 280 nm.

Solution Phase Hydroxyl Protection.

To a 20 mL scintillation vial was added 250 or 500 mg (1 eq) of a model aliphatic or phenol compound, which was dissolved in 3 mL of either THF or DMF, depending on solubility. Next, 2 eq of the chlorotrialkylsilane was added, followed by 4 eq of imidazole. This solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (5 mL) and extracted three times with ethyl acetate (10 mL). The organic extracts were combined, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to dryness. The silylated compounds were purified by preparatory HPLC.

TBDMS-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (1). Clear, colorless oil; yield=66%, 110 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 300 MHz): δ=7.03 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.73 (d, J=7.3, 2H), 2.80-2.62 (m, 4H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 0.99 (s, 9H), 0.17 (3, 6H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 75 MHz): δ=206.1, 154.6, 135.2, 129.9, 120.5, 45.6, 29.7, 29.6, 24.8, 18.8, −4.2; HRESIMS m/z [M+NH₄]⁺296.2072 (calcd for C₁₆H₃₀NO₂Si, 296.2040).

TBDMS-acetovanillone (2). Cream colored oil; yield=95%, 164 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 300 MHz): δ=7.54 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 1.01 (s, 9H), 0.18 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 75 MHz): δ=195.5, 151.8, 150.3, 132.7, 123.3, 120.9, 111.9, 55.6, 24.8, 19.1, −4.3; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 281.1599 (calcd for C₁₅H₂₅O₃Si, 281.1567).

TBDMS-acetaminophen (3). Clear, colorless oil; yield=88%, 186 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 300 MHz): δ=9.07 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.72 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 9H), 0.17 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 75 MHz): δ=168.1, 152.0, 134.7, 121.1, 120.4, 24.7, 23.9, 18.8, −4.3; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 266.1591 (calcd for C₁₄H₂₄NO₂Si, 266.1571).

TBDMS-novobiocin (4). Clear, colorless oil; yield=90%, 131 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 400 MHz): δ=8.85 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.60 (bs, 2H), 5.52 (s, 1H), 5.24 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (dd, J=7.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (bs, 1H), 3.92 (s, 1H), 3.20 (s, 3H), 3.09 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (bs, 1H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 1.46 (s, 2H), 1.42 (s, 6H), 0.80 (s, 3H), 0.74 (s, 9H), 0.00 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 100 MHz): δ=168.2, 161.3, 158.5, 157.0, 138.1, 133.9, 133.7, 130.6, 127.9, 125.9, 125.6, 122.8, 122.7, 119.2, 114.4, 111.2, 103.9, 100.1, 82.2, 79.3, 72.5, 70.5, 61.4, 35.1, 30.7, 29.4, 29.1, 26.1, 24.9, 23.1, 21.4, 19.0, 18.0, 8.6, −4.0; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 727.3252 (calcd for C₃₇H₅₁N₂O₁₁Si, 727.3257).

TIPS-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (TIPS-1, S1). Clear, colorless oil; yield=75%, 358 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 300 MHz): δ=7.02 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.81-2.60 (m, 4H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.34-1.17 (m, 3H), 1.19-1.0 (m, 9H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 75 MHz): δ=206.2, 155.0, 135.0, 129.9, 120.3, 45.6, 18.3, 13.5; HRESIMS m/z [M+NH⁴]⁺ 338.2522 (calcd for C₁₉H₃₆NO₂Si, 338.2510).

TIPS-acetovanillone (TIPS-2, S2). Cream colored oil; yield=86%, 415 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 300 MHz): δ=7.53 (s, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 1.37-1.21 (m, 3H), 1.19-1.01 (m, 18H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 75 MHz): δ=195.5, 151.7, 150.8, 132.4, 123.3, 120.4, 111.8, 55.5, 26.0, 18.3, 13.9; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 323.2043 (calcd for C₁₈H₃₁O₃Si, 323.2037).

TIPS-acetaminophen (TIPS-3, S3). Clear, colorless oil; yield=46%, 241 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 400 MHz): δ=8.98 (bs, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.34-1.18 (m, 3H), 1.18-1.01 (m, 18H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 100 MHz): δ=167.9, 152.3, 134.6, 120.9, 120.2, 23.9, 18.3, 13.5; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 308.2052 (calcd for C₁₇H₃₀NO₂Si, 308.2040).

TBDMS-2-N-ethyl-anilino-ethanol (S4). ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 500 MHz): δ=7.18-7.05 (m, 2H), 6.67 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.55 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.49-3.19 (m, 2H), 1.14 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.12-−0.01 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 125 MHz): δ=148.8, 129.8, 116.3, 112.6, 61.6, 53.3, 46.1, 26.3, 18.9, 12.6, −5.2; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 280.2100 (calcd for C₁₆H₃₀NOSi, 280.2091).

TIPS-2-N-ethyl-anilino-ethanol (S5). ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 500 MHz): δ=7.10 (dd, J=7.7, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.49-3.31 (m, 4H), 1.17-1.06 (m, 24H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 125 MHz): δ=148.8, 129.7, 116.3, 112.5, 62.1, 53.4, 46.1, 18.4, 12.9, 12.5; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 322.2582 (calcd for C₁₉H₃₆NOSi, 322.2561).

TBDMS-4-Z-amino-cyclohexanol (S6). ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 500 MHz): δ=7.35-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.23 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (bs, 1H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 3.67-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.45-3.34 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.44-1.16 (m, 4H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.06 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 125 MHz): δ=156.2, 138.7, 128.9, 128.3, 126.6, 71.3, 66.3, 50.0, 35.1, 31.4, 26.3, 26.2, 18.6, −4.4; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 364.2297 (calcd for C₂₀H₃₄NO₃Si, 364.2302).

TIPS4-Z-amino-cyclohexanol (S7). ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 500 MHz): δ=7.36-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.23 (t, J=6.9, 1H), 6.25 (bs, 1H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.46-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.87 (m, 4H), 1.49-1.18 (m, 4H), 1.18-1.01 (m, 21H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 125 MHz): δ=155.2, 138.8, 128.9, 128.7, 128.3, 71.5, 66.3, 50.1, 35.3, 31.5, 18.6, 13.3; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 406.2776 (calcd for C₂₃H₄₀NO₃Si, 406.2772).

TBDMS-4-(Z-amino)-1-butanol (S8). ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 500 MHz): δ=7.34-7.26 (m, 4H), 7.23 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.34 (bs, 1H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 3.67-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.16-3.10 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.49 (m, 4H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.05 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 125 MHz): δ=157.0, 138.8, 128.9, 128.6, 128.3, 66.3, 63.4, 41.4, 30.9, 27.4, 26.3, 18.8, −5.2; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 338.2177 (calcd for C₁₈H₃₂NO₃Si, 338.2146)

TIPS-4-(Z-amino)-1-butanol (S9). ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 400 MHz): δ=7.36-7.26 (m, 4H), 7.24 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (bs, 1H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 3.74 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 1.62-1.54 (m, 4H), 1.16-1.02 (m, 21H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 100 MHz): δ=157.0, 138.7, 128.9, 128.5, 128.3, 66.3, 63.9, 41.5, 31.1, 27.4, 18.5, 18.4, 12.9; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 380.2626 (calcd for C₂₁H₃₈NO₃Si, 380.2615).

TBDMS-erythro-1,2-diphenyl-ethanol (S10). ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 500 MHz): δ=7.28-7.11 (m, 10H), 6.93-6.87 (m, 2H), 6.45 (dd, J=8.2, 7.5 Hz, 3H), 4.96 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (bd, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (dd (apparent triplet, J=6.4 Hz), 1H), 0.83 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 9H), −0.13 (s, 3H), −0.27 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 125 MHz): δ=148.3, 143.0, 141.5, 129.3, 128.5, 128.3, 128.2, 127.9, 127.6, 117.5, 114.2, 79.3, 65.5, 26.2, 18.7, −4.6, −5.1; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 404.2411 (calcd for C₂₆H₃₄NOSi, 404.2404).

TMG Deprotection of Aryl Hydroxyl Groups in Solution.

To a one dram vial equipped with a stir bar was added 50 mg (1 eq) of a TBDMS- or TIPS protected aryl hydroxyl, which was then dissolved in 500 μL of THF. In a separate vial was mixed 500 μL of ACN, 10 eq TMG, 11.5 eq glacial acetic acid, and 10 μL H₂O. This cleavage cocktail was added to the protected hydroxyl and allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (5 mL) and extracted three times with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The organic extracts were combined, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to dryness. Purification was performed by silica gel chromatography with mixtures of ethyl acetate and hexanes or preparatory HPLC as described in general methods section.

Deprotection of 1 to give 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (5). Yield=95%, 16 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 400 MHz): δ=6.94 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.75-2.60 (m, 4H), 2.01 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 100 MHz): δ=206.3, 156.9, 132.7, 129.8, 115.9, 46.0, 29.8, 29.6; HRESIMS m/z [M+NH⁴]⁺ 182.1190 (calcd for C₁₀H₁₆NO₂, 182.1176).

Deprotection of 2 to give acetovanillone (6). Yield=63%, 10 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 400 MHz): δ=8.46 (bs, 1H), 7.40-7.37 (m, J=2H), 6.68 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 100 MHz): δ=195.3, 152.6, 148.4, 130.7, 124.2, 115.3, 111.1, 56.1, 25.9; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 167.0721 (calcd for C₉H₁₁O₃, 167.0703).

Deprotection of 3 to give acetaminophen (7). Yield=63%, 10 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 500 MHz): δ=8.74 (bs, 1H), 7.96 (bs, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.96 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 125 MHz): δ=167.6, 153.1, 131.1, 120.9, 115.0, 23.8; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 152.0711 (calcd for C₈H₁₀NO₂, 152.0706).

Deprotection of 4 to give novobiocin (8). Yield=58%, 14 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 500 MHz): δ=9.22 (bs, 1H), 9.08 (bs, 1H), 7.81-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.72 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.93 (bs, 2H), 5.55 (s, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (dd, J=8.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.5 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 1H), 4.66 (d, J=5.0, 1H), 3.67-3.47 (m, 6H), 3.37 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (s, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.81-1.68 (m, 6H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.12 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 125 MHz): δ=168.3, 161.3, 160.7, 158.4, 157.0, 150.9, 133.4, 130.5, 129.6, 128.1, 123.6, 122.9, 122.7, 115.4, 114.4, 111.2, 104.0, 100.1, 82.2, 79.3, 72.6, 70.5, 68.2, 61.5, 29.1, 28.9, 26.3, 23.2, 17.9, 8.7; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 613.2367 (calcd for C₃₁H₃₇N₂O₁₁, 613.2392).

Deprotection of TIPS-1 to give 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (5). Yield=75%, 19 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 400 MHz): δ=7.96 (bs, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.76-2.60 (m, 4H), 2.01 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 100 MHz): δ=206.5, 156.9, 132.8, 129.9, 116.0, 46.0, 29.9, 29.7; HRESIMS m/z [M+NH⁴]⁺ 182.1182 (calcd for C₁₀H₁₆NO₂, 182.1176). Deprotection of TIPS-2 to give acetovanillone (6). Yield=75%, 20 mg; ¹H NMR (C₄D₈O, 400 MHz): δ=(bs, 1H), 7.59-7.51 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (C₄D₈O, 100 MHz): δ=195.3, 152.6, 148.4, 130.6, 124.2, 115.3, 111.1, 56.1, 25.9; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 167.0702 (calcd for C₉H₁₁O₃, 167.0703).

Deprotection of TIPS-3 to give acetaminophen (7). Reaction of 171 mg, Yield=79%, 64 mg; ¹H NMR ((CD₃)₂S0, 500 MHz): δ=9.63 (s, 1H), 9.13 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 6.67 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.97 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR ((CD₃)₂S0, 500 MHz): δ=167.6, 153.2, 131.0, 120.9, 115.0, 23.7; HRESIMS m/z [M+H]⁺ 152.0706 (calcd for C₈H₁₀NO₂, 152.0706).

Activation of Resin for Hydroxyl Group Capture.

To a 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a septum was added 200 mg of hydroxymethyl polystyrene resin (loading capacity of 1.1 mmol/g). The vessel was purged with Ar. The resin was swollen in 3 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane (DCM). To this was added 14 eq of freshly distilled triethylamine (3.1 mmol, 450 μL) followed by 10 eq of the desired dichlorodialkylsilane (2.2 mmol). Next, the resin was removed from Ar atmosphere, 1.2 eq of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 0.26 mmol, 32 mg) was added and vessel was quickly capped. The resin was agitated for 4 hr at room temperature. Next, the resin was filtered through a 10 mL biospin vessel under positive Ar pressure and rinsed 3×8 mL with anhydrous DCM. This resin was re-swollen in 2.5 mL of anhydrous DCM and aliquoted into 5 oven-dried 2 mL vials. Three of the five vials were capped with a septum and placed under Ar. The fourth vial was transferred to a 2 mL biospin vessel and rinsed with 1:1 THF:MeOH. This hydrolyzes the S1-C1 bond to yield inactivated resin that will not capture hydroxyl-containing molecules to provide a control. The loading capacity for resin 9 was 0.2 mmol/g and was determined as previously described.⁶ Coupling with activated resin 9 and washing of the resin prior to cleavage were performed as previously described.⁶

Chlorodimethyl benzylsiloxane resin (9): FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 2922, 1068, 698 cm⁻¹; gel-phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ: 40.8, 2.4.

Chlorodiethyl benzylsiloxane resin (10).⁵ Chloroethylmethyl benzylsiloxane resin (11): FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2921, 1071, 757, 698 cm⁻¹; gel-phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ: 40.8, 10.5, 6.5, 0.2.

Chloroisopropylmethyl benzylsiloxane resin (12): FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2923, 1064, 757, 696 cm⁻¹; gel-phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ: 40.9, 20.8, 17.7, 16.6, 0.9.

Chloro-t-butylmethyl benzylsiloxane resin (13): FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2924, 1076, 760, 698 cm⁻¹; gel-phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ: 40.9, 25.5, 20.8, −2.5.

Chloromethylphenyl benzylsiloxane resin (S11): FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2921, 2361, 1069, 758, 698 cm⁻¹; gel-phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ: 133.9, 41.0, 1.4.

Chloroisobutylmethyl benzylsiloxane resin (S 12): FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2922, 1070, 757, 698 cm⁻¹; gel-phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ: 40.9, 28.7, 26.1, 25.9, 24.4, 1.9.

Chloro-n-butylmethyl benzylsiloxane resin (S 13): FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2922, 1071, 758, 698 cm⁻¹; gel-phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ: 40.8, 26.2, 25.1, 18.1, 13.9, 0.8.

Chlorocyclohexylmethyl benzylsiloxane resin (S 14): FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3025, 2921, 1069, 758, 698 cm⁻¹; gel-phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ: 40.9, 28.5, 28.1, 27.8, 27.0, 26.5, −1.2.

Chlorodecylmethyl benzylsiloxane resin (S 15): FT-IR (on-bead KBr pellet) ν_(max): 3024, 2922, 1069, 757, 698 cm⁻¹; gel-phase ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ: 40.8, 33.3, 32.4, 30.1, 29.8, 23.1, 18.4, 14.4, 1.3.

Cleavage of Phenols from Resin 9.

Dried resin was transferred to a 2 mL eppendorf tube and swollen in 400 μL of THF. In a separate vial, 100 μL of ACN, 10 eq of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG, 10 μL, 0.08 mmol), and 11.5 eq of glacial acetic acid (5.5 μL, 0.09 mmol) were mixed. This cleavage solution was added to the resin and agitated for 10 min. The resin was filtered through a 1 mL biospin and rinsed with DCM, toluene, and THF. This solution was concentrated to dryness, redissolved in 2 mL of a 2/1/1 mixture of H₂O/THF/MeOH, and 1 μL was injected onto a LC-MS-TOF for quantification as previously described.⁶

Cleavage of Aliphatic Alcohols from Resin 9.

The resin that had been previously subjected to TMG cleavage to liberate the phenols was reswollen in 500 μL of THF and transferred to a 2 mL eppendorf tube. To the resin was added 50 μL of pyridine and 50 μL of 70% HF/30% pyridine solution. After agitating for 3 hrs at room temperature, the solution was quenched with 500 μL of methoxytrimethylsilane to hydrolyze excess HF. The resin was washed in a 1 mL biospin with THF, DCM, and THF. This solution was concentrated to dryness, redissolved in 2 mL of a 2/1/1 mixture of H₂O/THF/MeOH, and 1 μL was injected onto a LC-MS-TOF for quantification as previously described.⁶

Procedure for the Preparation of Streptomyces flocculus Extract

Streptomyces flocculus was obtained from ATCC (13257) as a freeze-dried pellet. An initial seed culture of 5 mL was prepared (glucose 10 g/L, beef extract 4 g/L, gelysate peptone 4 g/L, yeast extract 1 g/L, NaCl 2.5 g/L) and grown at 29° C. for 72 hrs. This 5 mL culture was transferred to 120 mL of the described broth in a 250 mL baffled flask and shaken at 180 rpm at 28° C. for 72 hrs. For large scale streptonigrin production, 7.5 mL of the previous culture was added to 150 mL of the follow medium: 30 g/L glucose, 13 g/L potassium phosphate, 0.5 g/L MgSO₄-7 H₂O, 0.4 g/L CaSO₄-2 H₂O, 0.01 g/L FeSO₄.7H₂O, 1.9 g/L NaCl, 0.9 g/L KCl, 0.5 g/L NH₄Cl, pH=7.2. This 150 mL of culture was placed into a 500 mL baffled flask and shaken a 180 rpm at 28° C. for 5 days. NOTE: Autoclave salts and phosphates together and autoclave glucose by itself and then combine aseptically. After 5 days, the cultures were centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 30 min. The broth was collected and adjusted to a pH of 4 with 6 N HCl. The culture was extracted with hexanes (3×1 L) to remove hydrophobic molecules. The remaining broth was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×1 L) and concentrated to dryness to yield the crude biological extract.

Enrichment of Endogenously-Produced Streptonigrin from S. flocculus.

For this example, 75 mg of crude extract was used. It was assumed that 70% of the molecules in this crude extract contain at least one hydroxyl moiety.⁸ It was calculated that about 52 mg of the total 75 mg sample would be captured. An average molecular weight of 350 g/mol for all molecules in the extract was estimated, which yields about 0.15 mmol in 52 mg of crude sample. To ensure sufficient coupling of all molecules, 2 eq of the resin relative to the crude extract, 0.3 mmol of resin 9 (loading capacity=0.2 mmol/g), was applied to the 75 mg of bacterial extract. To generate the capture reagent, 1.5 g of hydroxymethyl polystyrene (1.1 mmol/g, 1.65 mmol, 1 eq relative to resin generation reagents) was added to a flame dried 100 mL round bottom flask and swollen in 20 mL of anhydrous DCM under Ar. Next was added 3.3 mL of Et₃N (23.1 mmol, 14 eq), 2 mL of dichlorodimethylsilane (16.5 mmol, 10 eq), and 222 mg of DMAP (1.8 mmol, 1.1 eq). The flask was capped and agitated at room temperature for 4 hr. The resin was transferred to a 20 mL biospin and rinsed under Ar with anhydrous DCM three times. The resin was re-swollen in 30 mL of anhydrous DCM and transferred to a new flame-dried round bottom flask under Ar. The crude extract was dissolved in 2 mL of anhydrous THF and added to the resin after 350 μL of Et₃N (2.4 mmol, 8 eq). The flask was capped and allowed to agitate overnight at room temperature. The resin was then poured into a 20 mL biospin vessel and the drain was collected. The resin was rinsed with 10 mL of DCM followed by 10 mL of THF. The flow through was added to the initial drain. The resin was then subjected to the rest of the wash protocol described above to remove any non-covalently associated molecules. The resin vessel was capped and allowed to dry for 1 hr at room temperature in a vacuum desiccator. Once dried, the resin was transferred to a 50 mL roundbottom flask and swollen in 10 mL of THF. In a separate vessel was mixed 5 mL of ACN, 384 μL of TMG (3.0 mmol, 10 eq), and 207 μL of glacial acetic acid (3.5 mmol, 11.5 eq). This mixture was added to the resin and agitated for 10 min. After this time, the resin was again transferred to a 20 mL biospin vessel and the drain collected. The resin was rinsed with DCM×3, THF×3, 1:1 DCM:MeOH, and THF×3. All of these rinses were combined to yield those compounds that contained the phenol functionality, including the desired biological molecule, streptonigrin. Cleavage of the remaining aliphatic hydroxyl-containing molecules was performed by transferring the resin to a Nalgene vessel and swelling it in 20 mL of THF. Next was added 3.8 mL of HF/pyr (30 eq) and 3.8 mL of pyridine (30 eq). The mixture was agitated at room temperature for 3 hrs and then quenched with 20 mL of methoxytrimethylsilane (85 eq). Then resin was filtered and rinsed with DCM×3, THF×3, 1:1 DCM:MeOH, and THF×3. All of these rinses were combined and concentrated to yield a pool of molecules that contain aliphatic hydroxyl moieties.

Separation of Aliphatic Hydroxyls, Phenols, and Carboxylic Acids with Acid/Base Solution Phase Extraction.

100 mg of crude, dried S. flocculus extract was dissolved in 200 mL water. To this was added 0.0008 mmol each of 2 carboxylic acid-containing molecules, 6 phenol compounds, 2 amines, 1 carbonyl-containing molecule, and 6 aliphatic hydroxyl molecules. This solution was then basified to a pH of 10 with sodium bicarbonate. This solution was extracted 3 times with 200 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to dryness. The water layer was acidified with 2 N HCl to a pH of 2. This solution was extracted 3 times with 200 mL of ethyl acetate and the combined organic extracts were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to dryness. The dried organic extracts were dissolved in a mixture of 2:1:1 H₂O:THF:MeOH and 1 μL injections were made on a LC-MSTOF. Analysis was performed to determine which molecules were extracted into which layer from the extraction. As shown in TABLE C-6, complete separation of phenols, aliphatic hydroxyl-containing molecules, and carboxylic acids is not possible by acid/base extractions.

TABLE C-6 Extracted from acidic water Extracted from basic water Remained in water layer Nalidixic Acid Metronidazole Bis(2- hydroxypropyl)amine Mycophenolic Acid trans-dehydroandrosterone Atropine Cholic Acid Cortisone Tryptamine 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone 2-amino-4-tert-amylphenol Acetovanillone 3-diethylaminophenol Podocarpic Acid Progesterone Chlorogenic Acid Indole-3-carboxaldehyde

TABLE C-4 Ratios of enrichment of aliphatic hydroxyls and phenols compared to those molecules with no hydroxyl moiety. To illustrate that the hydroxyl-containing compounds are being dramatically enriched in comparison to the molecules containing other functional groups, we calculated the ratio of enrichment. The ratio of each hydroxyl molecule to the chemoselective set of compounds was calculated and normalized. Normalization is required given that although an equivalent number of moles of each compound were used, the ionization efficiency of each compound is unique, making the observed peak areas dramatically different. Accordingly, the initial ratios were normalized to a 1:1 ratio and this factor was applied to the post-capture data. In all cases, following the capture and release protocol at least a 76-fold (average 207-fold) enrichment of aliphatic hydroxyl molecules and at least a 66-fold (average 180-fold) enrichment of phenols was seen in comparison to the non-hydroxylated compounds. Peak Area Prior to Capture Peak Area After Capture Bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (S20) 6066257 4136015 4-(Z-amino)cyclohexanol (23) 829398 673410 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (5) 365693 347759 Acetovanillone (6) 387166 135831 3-oxo-1-indancarboxylic acid (S32) 256024 2011 Tryptamine (S34) 1266809 1780 H-Lyz(Z)-OMe (S35) 10074467 98678 Boc-Cys-OMe (S37) 278973 1653 Normalized Peak Ratio Normalization Peak Ratio After Ratio After Compounds Before Capture Factor Capture Capture S20:S32 23.69 0.04 2056.70 86.80 S20:S34 4.79 0.21 2323.60 485.24 S20:S35 0.60 1.66 41.91 69.61 S20:S37 21.74 0.05 2502.13 115.07  5:S32 1.43 0.70 172.93 121.07  5:S34 0.29 3.46 195.37 676.79  5:S35 0.04 27.55 3.52 97.09  5:S37 1.31 0.76 210.38 160.49 23:S32 3.24 0.31 334.86 103.37 23:S34 0.65 1.53 378.32 577.84 23:S35 0.08 12.15 6.82 82.89 23:S37 2.97 0.34 407.39 137.03  6:S32 1.51 0.66 67.54 44.67  6:S34 0.31 3.27 76.31 249.69  6:S35 0.04 26.02 1.38 35.82  6:S37 1.39 0.72 82.17 59.21 Compounds Average of Enrichment Ratio Aliphatic Hydroxyl to Carboxylic Acid 95 Aliphatic Hydroxyl to Primary Amine 531 Aliphatic Hydroxyl to Secondary Amine 76 Aliphatic Hydroxyl to Thiol 126 Phenol to Carboxylic Acid 83 Phenol to Primary Amine 463 Phenol to Secondary Amine 66 Phenol to Thiol 109

PART C—REFERENCES

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What is claimed is:
 1. A process for preparing a second mixture selectively enriched in aromatic-hydroxyl group containing compounds from a first mixture comprising hydroxyl group containing compounds, where the hydroxyl group containing compounds include one or more functional groups selected from aromatic-hydroxyl groups and aliphatic-hydroxyl groups, the method comprising the steps (a) contacting the first mixture with a polymeric reagent comprising a polymer having one or more functional groups of formula (CH₂)_(n)—O—Si(R¹)(R²)X covalently attached to the polymer, wherein the functional group is capable of reacting with hydroxyl group containing compounds when the mixture containing the compounds contacts the reagent; n is 1 to 4; R¹ and R² are independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of C₁-C₈ alkyl and C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and OS(O)₂CF₃.; wherein one or more of the functional groups forms a covalent bond with the hydroxyl group of one or more of the hydroxyl group containing compounds; (b) washing the polymer resulting from step (a) with a solvent selected from the group consisting of optionally branched C₅-C₁₀ alkanes, optionally-branched C₁-C₅ alcohols, benzene, toluene, xylenes, C₁-C₅ alkyl C₂-C₅ alkanoates, where each of the alkyl or the alkanoate is optionally branched, C₁-C₄ alkylnitriles, DMF, THF, dioxane, DMSO, C₁-C₄ haloalkanes, and combinations thereof; and (c) contacting the polymer resulting from step (b) with a mixture comprising 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and R³CO₂H, where R³ is C₁-C₈ alkyl to generate the second mixture.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein R¹ and R² are C₁-C₈ alkyl.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein n is
 1. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the polymer is a polyolefin, polyamide, polyurethane, or polycarbonate.
 5. The process claim 1 wherein the polymeric reagent is a polystyrene of formula

wherein the ratio of b to a is from 1:99 to 1:1, and wherein the polystyrene is crosslinked with from 0.5 to 10.0% divinylbenzene.
 6. The process of claim 1 wherein the functional group is CH₂OSi(CH₃)₂Cl.
 7. The process of claim 1 wherein R³ is methyl.
 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the first mixture is an extract of plant material, an extract of a fermentation broth, or a mixture resulting from a process to prepare one or more carboxyl group-containing compounds.
 9. A process for preparing a third mixture selectively enriched in aliphatic-hydroxyl group containing compounds from a first mixture comprising hydroxyl group containing compounds, where the hydroxyl group containing compounds include one or more functional groups selected from aromatic-hydroxyl groups and aliphatic-hydroxyl groups, the method comprising the steps (a) contacting the first mixture with a polymeric reagent comprising a polymer having one or more functional groups of formula (CH₂)_(n)—O—Si(R¹)(R²)X covalently attached to the polymer, wherein the functional group is capable of reacting with hydroxyl group containing compounds when the mixture containing the compounds contacts the reagent; n is 1 to 4; R¹ and R² are independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of C₁-C₈ alkyl and C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and OS(O)₂CF₃.; wherein one or more of the functional groups forms a covalent bond with the hydroxyl group of one or more of the hydroxyl group containing compounds; (b) washing the polymer resulting from step (a) with a solvent selected from the group consisting of optionally branched C₅-C₁₀ alkanes, optionally-branched C₁-C₅ alcohols, benzene, toluene, xylenes, C₁-C₅ alkyl C₂-C₅ alkanoates, where each of the alkyl or the alkanoate is optionally branched, C₁-C₄ alkyl nitriles, DMF, THF, dioxane, DMSO, C₁-C₄ haloalkanes, and combinations thereof; (c) contacting the polymer resulting from step (b) with a mixture comprising 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and R³CO₂H, where R³ is C₁-C₈ alkyl to generate the second mixture; (d) washing the polymer resulting from step (c) with a solvent selected from the group consisting of optionally branched C₅-C₁₀ alkanes, optionally-branched C₁-C₅ alcohols, benzene, toluene, xylenes, C₁-C₅ alkyl C₂-C₅ alkanoates, where each of the alkyl or the alkanoate is optionally branched, C₁-C₄ alkylnitriles, DMF, THF, dioxane, DMSO, C₁-C₄ haloalkanes, and combinations thereof; and (e) contacting the polymer resulting from step (d) with a mixture of HF and pyridine.
 10. The process of claim 9 wherein R¹ and R² are C₁-C₈ alkyl.
 12. The process of claim 9 wherein n is
 1. 12. The process of claim 9 wherein the polymer is a polyolefin, polyamide, polyurethane, or polycarbonate.
 13. The process claim 9 wherein the polymeric reagent is a polystyrene of formula

wherein the ratio of b to a is from 1:99 to 1:1, and wherein the polystyrene is crosslinked with from 0.5 to 10.0% divinylbenzene.
 14. The process of claim 9 wherein the functional group is CH₂OSi(CH₃)₂Cl.
 15. The process of claim 9 wherein the first mixture is an extract of plant material, an extract of a fermentation broth, or a mixture resulting from a process to prepare one or more carboxyl group-containing compounds. 